microbeПроблемы особо опасных инфекцийProblems of Particularly Dangerous Infections0370-10692658-719XRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”10.21055/0370-1069-2020-3-17-26microbe-1359Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSЭндемичная холера в Индии и завозная холера в России: что общего?Endemic Cholera in India and Imported Cholera in Russia: What is Common?https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9216-7777МонаховаЕ. В.MonakhovaE. V.

Российская Федерация, 344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М . Г орького, 117/40

117/40, M. Gor`kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation

monakhova_ev@antiplague.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2323-8735GhoshА.GhoshA.

J.C.Bose Chair Professor of the NASI

P-33, CIT Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India

P-33, CIT Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India

amitghosh24@yahoo.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1118-8075MutrejaА.MutrejaA.

Department of Medicine

Level 5, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom

Level 5, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom

am872@medschl.cam.ac.ukhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9941-5799WeillF.-X.WeillF.-X.

28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France

28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France

francois-xavier.weill@pasteur.frhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7999-5036RamamurthyT.RamamurthyT.

INSA-Senior Scientist

P-33, CIT Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India

P-33, CIT Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata - 700 010, India

rama1murthy@yahoo.comРостовский-на-Дону научно-исследовательский противочумный институтРоссияRostov-on-Don Research Anti-Plague InstituteRussian FederationICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric DiseasesИндияICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric DiseasesIndiaUniversity of CambridgeВеликобританияDepartment of Medicine, University of CambridgeUnited KingdomInstitut Pasteur, Unité des bactéries pathogènes entériquesФранцияInstitut Pasteur, Unité des bactéries pathogènes entériquesFrance202017102020031726Copyright © Монахова Е.В., Ghosh А., Mutreja А., Weill F., Ramamurthy T., 20202020Монахова Е.В., Ghosh А., Mutreja А., Weill F., Ramamurthy T.Monakhova E.V., Ghosh A., Mutreja A., Weill F., Ramamurthy T.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1359

Эндемичность холеры в Индии хорошо изучена. Среди ряда других эндемичных регионов Индийский субконтинент, по-видимому, является местом формирования нескольких вариантов холерных вибрионов, впоследствии распространившихся по всему миру. Напротив, в России все зарегистрированные случаи холеры имели завозное происхождение. В прошлом столетии такие завозы могли приводить к эпидемиям, которые заканчивались вместе с элиминацией токсигенных штаммов Vibrio cholerae (TVC) из пораженных регионов. В настоящее время выделение TVC как из водоемов, так и от возвратившихся из азиатских стран больных, является редкостью, в основном благодаря постоянному мониторингу и контролю. Кроме того, климатические условия большинства областей России неблагоприятны для длительного выживания возбудителя во внешней среде. Однако глобальные изменения климата, сопровождающиеся неожиданными аномалиями в ранее стабильных климатических зонах, могут способствовать распространению отдельных завозных TVC, что может привести к эпидосложнениям по холере. В некоторых регионах России сезонные погодные условия очень похожи на индийские. Молекулярные исследования штаммов из разных мест выделения показывают, что TVC распространились на новые территории и приобрели дополнительные свойства, отсутствующие у их недавних предшественников.В настоящей работе описаны геномные характеристики TVC, выделенных в России, Индии и некоторых других странах. Обзор дополнен биоинформатическим анализом генетических маркеров, значимых для дифференциации клонов, появившихся в  эндемичных регионах и завезенных на территории, где холера прежде отсутствовала. Мы нашли добавочные свидетельства в пользу первичного индийского происхождения недавно возникших геновариантов и их продолжающейся трансформации, включая появление нового аллеля гена rtxA с делецией 60 п.н. в дополнение к ранее известной null-мутации. В определенных условиях TVC могут представлять потенциальную угрозу распространения эпидемической холеры в России и на других территориях. Борьба с  холерой требует совместных усилий исследователей, направленных на получение знаний о возбудителе на молекулярном уровне, в целях разработки эффективных стратегий защиты человечества во всем мире. 

The endemicity of cholera in India has been well researched. Among the other endemic areas, Indian subcontinent appears to be the cradle of Vibrio cholerae genovariants, which subsequently spread worldwide. In contrast, all the cholera cases recorded in Russia are of imported origin. In the past century, such importations might result in epidemics, which, however, ended with elimination of toxigenic V. cholerae (TVC) from the affected areas. Currently, the incidence of TVC in water reservoirs or infected returnees from Asian countries are rare events, mostly due to constant surveillance activities. Furthermore, the climatic conditions in the majority of Russian regions are unfavorable for longterm environmental survival of the pathogen. On the other hand, global shifts in climate accompanied by unexpected anomalies in previously stable climatic zones may promote dissemination of imported TVC and emergence of cholera. In some regions of Russia, seasonal weather patterns are pretty similar to Indian. Molecular studies of isolates from diverse territories show that TVC have been introduced into new areas and acquired additional traits, absent in their ancestors.This article describes genomic characteristics of TVC isolates from Russia, India and some other countries. The review is complemented by bioinformatics analysis of important genetic markers to discriminate between clones that emerged in endemic regions and were imported into cholera-free locations. We have found more evidence in support of primary Indian origin of recent genovariants and their ongoing transformation, including the emergence of a new rtxA gene allele with a 60 bp deletion in addition to the previously known null mutation. In certain conditions, TVC could pose a potential threat of spreading epidemic cholera into Russia and other territories. Cholera control requires joint efforts of researchers to learn more about the pathogen at the molecular level for developing effective strategies to protect the humankind throughout the world.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.