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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2020-3-56-61</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-1364</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Филогенетическая история Каракумского пустынного очага</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Phylogenetic History of Kara Kum Desert Focus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5403-989X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерошенко</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eroshenko</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2438-8364</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куклева</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kukleva</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7681-5773</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Альхова</surname><given-names>Ж. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Al’khova</surname><given-names>Zh. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-7979</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балыкова</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Balykova</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4099-9261</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4909-2394</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краснов</surname><given-names>Я. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnov</surname><given-names>Ya. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3133-3820</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Червякова</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chervyakova</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3788-3452</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутырев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutyrev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>56</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ерошенко Г.А., Куклева Л.М., Альхова Ж.В., Балыкова А.Н., Попов Н.В., Краснов Я.М., Червякова Н.С., Кутырев В.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ерошенко Г.А., Куклева Л.М., Альхова Ж.В., Балыкова А.Н., Попов Н.В., Краснов Я.М., Червякова Н.С., Кутырев В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eroshenko G.A., Kukleva L.M., Al’khova Z.V., Balykova A.N., Popov N.V., Krasnov Y.M., Chervyakova N.S., Kutyrev V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1364">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1364</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – анализ филогенетического родства штаммов и направлений распространения Yersinia pestis в Каракумском пустынном очаге в XX в.</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Выполнено полногеномное секвенирование 8 штаммов Yersinia pestis, выделенных в Каракумском пустынном очаге в 1949–1985 гг. При проведении филогенетического анализа также использованы нуклеотидные  последовательности 16 штаммов Y. pestis из сопредельных очагов Восточного и Северного Прикаспия 1917–2002 гг., секвенированные в РосНИПЧИ «Микроб» на платформе Genestudio Ion S5XL (Thermo Fischer Scientific). Филогенетический анализ  выполнен на основе 1720 выявленных коровых SNPs. Построение филогенетического дерева проводили в программе PhyML 3.1 с помощью алгоритма Maximum Likelihood модели нуклеотидных замен GTR.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. По данным полногеномного SNP анализа штаммов Y. pestis из Каракумского пустынного очага, очагов Восточного и Северного Прикаспия проведен филогенетический анализ популяций возбудителя чумы, циркулировавших в  Туркменистане в XX в. Показано, что по территории Каракумского пустынного очага прошли три независимые волны распространения Y. pestis. Происхождение первой, зарегистрированной в 1912 г., вспышки чумы в юго-восточной части очага и ее этиологический агент остаются пока неустановленными. Вторая волна связана с распространением на этих территориях в 1949–1970 гг. северо-приаральской популяции 2.MED1 средневекового биовара, приведшим к проявлению здесь эпизоотической активности в 1949 г., а также к последующим случаям и вспышкам чумы в середине XХ в. В середине второй половины прошлого века Каракумского пустынного очага достигла  еще одна волна распространения 2.MED1 из Северного Прибалхашья. Эта центрально-азиатская популяция также укоренилась в природном биоценозе Каракумского очага. Полученные данные свидетельствуют об активных процессах распространения Y. pestis средневекового биовара в Восточном Прикаспии в южной подзоне пустынь Евразии в XX в. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective of the study was to analyze phylogenetic relation of the strains and dissemination routes of Yersinia pestis in Kara Kum desert focus in XX century.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. We have carried out whole genome sequencing of 8 Yersinia pestis strains isolated in Kara Kum desert focus between 1949 and 1985. We also used nucleotide sequences of 16 Y. pestis strains from neighboring foci of East and North Caspian Sea region dated 1917–2002, sequenced at the premises of RusRAPI “Microbe” on Genestudio Ion S5XL platform (Thermo Fischer Scientific). Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on 1720 identified core SNPs. Phylogenetic dendrogram was constructed using Maximum Likelihood algorithm, PhyML v. 3.1 software package, and nucleotide substitution model GTR.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. On the basis of whole-genome SNP analysis of Y. pestis strains from Kara Kum desert focus, West and North Caspian Sea region foci analysis of plague agent populations circulating in Turkmenistan in XX century was conducted. It has been demonstrated that three separate waves of Y. pestis dissemination swept the territory of Kara Kum desert focus. The origin of the first one, registered in 1912, plague outbreak in south-eastern part of the focus and its etiological agent remain unspecified so far. The second wave is associated with distribution of North-Aral 2.MED1 population of medieval biovar in 1949–1970, which led to the emergence of epizootic activity in 1949, as well as subsequent cases and outbreaks of plague in this territory in the middle of the XX century. In the mid-second half of the past century, one more 2. MED1 dissemination wave from the North Balkhash region hit the Kara Kum desert focus. This central-asian  population has also taken root in the natural biocoenosis of the Kara Kum focus. The data obtained testify to active processes of distribution of Y. pestis of medieval biovar in East Caspian Sea region in southern sub-zone of Eurasian deserts in XX century. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Каракумский пустынный очаг</kwd><kwd>Yersinia pestis</kwd><kwd>филогенетическое родство</kwd><kwd>возбудитель чумы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Kara Kum desert focus</kwd><kwd>Yersinia pestis</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic relation</kwd><kwd>plague agent</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Онищенко Г.Г., Кутырев В.В., редакторы. 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