<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2020-4-75-80</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-1408</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Природно-очаговые вирусные лихорадки на юге европейской части России. Крымская геморрагическая лихорадка</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Natural-Focal Viral Fevers in the South of the European Part of Russia. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3003-4952</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малецкая</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maletskaya</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Таран</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Taran</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9522-129X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прислегина</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prislegina</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3817-2513</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дубянский</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dubyansky</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-5882</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волынкина</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volynkina</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенко</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenko</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7054-1302</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Василенко</surname><given-names>Н. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilenko</surname><given-names>N. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарасов</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarasov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>69, Bolshaya Gornaya St., Saratov, 410031</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-2808</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цапко</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsapko</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Ставропольский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Stavropol Research Anti-Plague Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Саратовской области»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology of the Saratov Region</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Малецкая О.В., Таран Т.В., Прислегина Д.А., Дубянский В.М., Волынкина А.С., Семенко О.В., Василенко Н.Ф., Тарасов М.А., Цапко Н.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Малецкая О.В., Таран Т.В., Прислегина Д.А., Дубянский В.М., Волынкина А.С., Семенко О.В., Василенко Н.Ф., Тарасов М.А., Цапко Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Maletskaya O.V., Taran T.V., Prislegina D.A., Dubyansky V.M., Volynkina A.S., Semenko O.V., Vasilenko N.F., Tarasov M.A., Tsapko N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1408">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1408</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – определение современных эпидемиологических особенностей Крымской геморрагической лихорадки на юге Российской Федерации.</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Карты эпидобследования очага инфекционного заболевания, ежегодные итоговые донесения (2010–2019 гг.), сведения об эпизоотологическом мониторинге, предоставленные управлениями Роспотребнадзора и ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии» в субъектах Южного и Северо-Кавказского федеральных округов. Использовали описательные, генетические, аналитические методы и ретроспективный эпидемиологический анализ.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Природный очаг Крымской геморрагической лихорадки на территории европейского юга России имеет площадь 815 тыс. км2 и характеризуется стойкостью, расширением территории, циркуляцией европейских генотипов вируса Крымской-Конго геморрагической лихорадки. Генетические варианты вируса Крымской-Конго геморрагической лихорадки образуют локальные, частично перекрывающиеся популяции. В 2010–2019 гг. зарегистрировано 997 случаев Крымской геморрагической лихорадки. Клинически преобладали среднетяжелые формы болезни (74,2 %). Геморрагические проявления были у 29,3 % больных. Летальный исход заболевания зарегистрирован у 31 больного (3 %). Отмечено 2 эпизода нозокомиального заражения, инфицировано 9 медицинских специалистов. Увеличение эпизоотически активной территории природного очага Крымской геморрагической лихорадки связано с расширением ареала клещей Hyalomma marginatum в северном направлении в связи с аридизацией территории степей, отчасти за счет глобального изменения климата. Отмечена стабильность популяции вируса Крымской-Конго геморрагической лихорадки. Эпидемическое ядро природного очага сохраняется на смежной территории Ростовской области, Ставропольского края и Республики Калмыкия. Более высокая эффективность мер профилактики Крымской геморрагической лихорадки на территории ядра обусловлена целенаправленностью и интенсивностью мероприятий, что способствовало раннему обращению больных за медицинской помощью, ранней госпитализации и повлияло на развитие клинических проявлений и исход болезни, а также позволило минимизировать число внутрибольничных заражений вирусом Крымской-Конго геморрагической лихорадки, в том числе медицинского персонала. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective of the study was to determine the modern epidemiological peculiarities of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the south of the Russian Federation.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Data of statistical documentation (epidemiological survey of the infectious disease focus, annual summary reports dated 2010–2019) and epizootiologic monitoring data submitted by the Rospotrebnadzor Administrations and the Centers of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the constituent entities of the Southern and the North Caucasian Federal Districts were used. Descriptive, genetic, analytical methods and retrospective epidemiological analysis were applied.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. The СCHF natural focus in the European south of Russia has an area of 815 thousand square kilometers and it is characterized by persistence, expansion of the territory, and circulation of CCHF virus European genotypes. CCHF virus genetic variants form the local overlapping populations. Over the period of 2010–2019 997 CCHF cases were registered. Moderate forms of the disease clinically prevailed (74.2 per cent). Hemorrhagic symptoms were noted in 29.3 % of patients. The lethal outcome of the disease was registered in 31 CCHF patients (3 %). Two cases of nosocomial infection were identified, nine health workers were infected by CCHF pathogen. The expansion of epizootically active territory of the CCHF natural focus is associated with the expansion of the Hyalomma marginatum ticks area northward due to the aridization of the steppes, in part because of global climate change. The stability of the CCHF virus population was noted. The epidemic core of the CCHF natural focus remains on the adjacent territory of the Rostov Region, Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Kalmykia. The higher efficiency of CCHF prevention measures on the territory of the core is stemming from the targetness and intensity of measures, contributing to the early seeking of medical care by patients, their early hospitalization which in its turn influenced the development of clinical manifestations and outcome of the disease, and also made it possible to minimize the CCHF nosocomial infections number, including those among the medical personnel. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Крымская геморрагическая лихорадка</kwd><kwd>природный очаг</kwd><kwd>эпидемическая ситуация</kwd><kwd>эпидемиологический и эпизоотологический надзор</kwd><kwd>вирус Крымской-Конго геморрагической лихорадки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever</kwd><kwd>natural focus</kwd><kwd>epidemic situation</kwd><kwd>epidemiological and epizootic surveillance</kwd><kwd>Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чумаков М.П., редактор. Медицинская вирусология. М.; 1974. 228 с. С. 5–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chumakov M.P., editor. Medical Virology. M.; 1974. 228 р. P. 5–18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чумаков М.П. Вирусные геморрагические лихорадки. М.; 1979. 190 с. С. 10–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chumakov M.P. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. M.; 1979. 190 р. P. 10–33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Онищенко Г.Г., Куличенко А.Н., редакторы. Крымская геморрагическая лихорадка. Воронеж: ООО «Фаворит»; 2018. 288 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onishchenko G.G., Kulichenko A.N., editors. [CrimeanCongo Hemorrhagic Fever]. Voronezh: “Favorit” Ltd.; 2018. 288 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волынкина А.С., Куличенко А.Н. Современные методы молекулярно-генетического анализа Крымской геморрагической лихорадки в системе эпидемиологического надзора. Инфекционные болезни: новости, мнения, обучение. 2016; 1:53–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volynkina A.S., Kulichenko A.N. [Advanced methods of molecular-genetic analysis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in epidemiological surveillance system]. Infektsionnye Bolezni: Novosti, Mneniya, Obuchenie [Infection Diseases: News, Opinions, Training]. 2016; 1:53–60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малецкая О.В., Щербакова С.А., Бейер А.П., Таран Т.В., Хапаев Б.А., Бамматов Д.М., Муртазалиева Г.А.-Х., Василенко Н.Ф., Шарова И.Н., Карнаухов И.Г., Куличенко А.Н. Принципы стандартизации диагностики и современные особенности Крымской геморрагической лихорадки на территории Российской Федерации. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2012; 2:55–8. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2012-2-55-58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maletskaya O.V., Shcherbakova S.A., Beyer A.P., Taran T.V., Khapaev B.A., Bammatov D.M., Murtazalieva G.A.-Kh., Vasilenko N.F., Sharova I.N., Karnaukhov I.G., Kulichenko A.N. [Principles of standardization of Crimean hemorrhagic fever diagnostics and its present-day peculiarities in the territory of the Russian Federation]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2012; 2:55–58. DOI: 10.21055/0370-10692012-2-55-58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дворцова И.В., Айдинов Г.Т., Москвитина Э.А., Швагер М.М. Иксодовые клещи Ростовской области: биоразнообразие, распространение, эпидемиологическое значение. ПЕСТМенеджмент (РЭТ-инфо). 2015; 1:26–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dvortsova I.V., Aydinov G.T., Moskvitina E.A., Shvager M.M. [Ixodic ticks of the Rostov region: biodiversity, area, epidemiological significance]. PEST-Menedzhment (RET-info) [PESTManagement (RAT-info)]. 2015; 1:26–33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burney M.I., Ghafoor A., Saleen M., Webb P.A., Casals J. Nosocomial outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean Hemorrhagic fever-Congo virus in Pakistan, January 1976. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1980; 29(5):941–7. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1980.29.941.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burney M.I., Ghafoor A., Saleen M., Webb P.A., Casals J. Nosocomial outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean Hemorrhagic fever-Congo virus in Pakistan, January 1976. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1980; 29(5):941–7. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1980.29.941.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Abri S.S., Abaidani I.A., Fazlalipour M., Mostafavi E., Leblebicioglu H., Pshenichnaya N., Memish Z.A., Hewson R., Petersen E., Mala P., Nhu Nguyen T.M., Rahman Malik M., Formenty P., Jeffries R. Current status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region: issues, challenges, and future directions. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2017; 58:82–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.02.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Abri S.S., Abaidani I.A., Fazlalipour M., Mostafavi E., Leblebicioglu H., Pshenichnaya N., Memish Z.A., Hewson R., Petersen E., Mala P., Nhu Nguyen T.M., Rahman Malik M., Formenty P., Jeffries R. Current status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region: issues, challenges, and future directions. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2017; 58:82–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.02.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dreshaj S., Ahmeti S., Ramadani N., Dreshaj G., Humolli I., Dedushaj I. Current situation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Southeastern Europe and neighboring countries: a public health risk for the European Union? Travel. Med. Infect. Dis. 2016; 14(2):81–91. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.03.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dreshaj S., Ahmeti S., Ramadani N., Dreshaj G., Humolli I., Dedushaj I. Current situation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Southeastern Europe and neighboring countries: a public health risk for the European Union? Travel. Med. Infect. Dis. 2016; 14(2):81–91. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.03.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weidmann M., Avsic-Zupanc T., Bino S., Bouloy M., Burt F., Chinikar S., Christova I., Dedushaj I., El-Sanousi A., Elaldi N., Hewson R., Hufert F.T., Humolli I., Jansen van Vuren P., Koçak Tufan Z., Korukluoglu G., Lyssen P., Mirazimi A., Neyts J., Niedrig M., Ozkul A., Papa A., Paweska J., Sall A.A., Schmaljohn C.S., Swanepoel R., Uyar Y., Weber F., Zeller H. Biosafety standards for working with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Gen. Virol. 2016; 97(11):2799–808. DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000610.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weidmann M., Avsic-Zupanc T., Bino S., Bouloy M., Burt F., Chinikar S., Christova I., Dedushaj I., El-Sanousi A., Elaldi N., Hewson R., Hufert F.T., Humolli I., Jansen van Vuren P., Koçak Tufan Z., Korukluoglu G., Lyssen P., Mirazimi A., Neyts J., Niedrig M., Ozkul A., Papa A., Paweska J., Sall A.A., Schmaljohn C.S., Swanepoel R., Uyar Y., Weber F., Zeller H. Biosafety standards for working with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Gen. Virol. 2016; 97(11):2799–808. DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000610.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попова А.Ю., Куличенко А.Н., Ежлова Е.Б., Пакскина Н.Д., Василенко Н.Ф., Малецкая О.В., Прислегина Д.А., Волынкина А.С. Особенности эпидемиологической обстановки по Крымской геморрагической лихорадке в Российской Федерации на современном этапе. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2018; 4:75–80. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2018-4-75-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popova A.Yu., Kulichenko A.N., Ezhlova E.B., Pakskina N.D., Vasilenko N.F., Maletskaya O.V., Prislegina D.A., Volynkina A.S. [Peculiarities of epidemiological situation on Crimean hemorrhagic fever in the Russian Federation at the current stage]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2018; 4:75–80. DOI: 10.21055/0370-10692018-4-75-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Formenty P. Overview of strategies for Prevention and Control of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever. Sub-Regional meeting on prevention and control of CCHF in EMR 07-09 December 2015, Muscat, Oman. WHO.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Formenty P. Overview of strategies for Prevention and Control of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever. Sub-Regional meeting on prevention and control of CCHF in EMR 07-09 December 2015, Muscat, Oman. WHO.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
