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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2022-2-20-26</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-1689</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>К вопросу о критериях перевода аттенуированных штаммов Yersinia pestis из I в III группу патогенности (опасности)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Concerning Criteria for transfer of Attenuated Yersinia pestis strains from Pathogenicity (Hazard) Group I into Pathogenicity Group III</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1996-8949</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дентовская</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dentovskaya</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>142279, Московская область, р.п. Оболенск </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Obolensk, Moscow Region, 142279 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@obolensk.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9223-2105</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трунякова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trunyakova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>142279, Московская область, р.п. Оболенск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Obolensk, Moscow Region, 142279 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@obolensk.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7280-3660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вагайская</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vagaiskaya</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>142279, Московская область, р.п. Оболенск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Obolensk, Moscow Region, 142279 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@obolensk.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-1755</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Платонов</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Platonov</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>142279, Московская область, р.п. Оболенск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Obolensk, Moscow Region, 142279 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@obolensk.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5304-0469</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюрин</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyurin</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>142279, Московская область, р.п. Оболенск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Obolensk, Moscow Region, 142279 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@obolensk.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5499-7999</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анисимов</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Anisimov</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анисимов Андрей Павлович</p><p>142279, Московская область, р.п. Оболенск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey P. Anisimov</p><p> Obolensk, Moscow Region, 142279 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anisimov@obolensk.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Государственный научный центр прикладной микробиологии и биотехнологии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дентовская С.В., Трунякова А.С., Вагайская А.С., Платонов М.Е., Тюрин Е.А., Анисимов А.П., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дентовская С.В., Трунякова А.С., Вагайская А.С., Платонов М.Е., Тюрин Е.А., Анисимов А.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dentovskaya S.V., Trunyakova A.S., Vagaiskaya A.S., Platonov M.E., Tyurin E.A., Anisimov A.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1689">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1689</self-uri><abstract><p>Живые вакцины индуцируют и клеточный, и гуморальный иммунитет, дешевы и просты в применении. Индукция иммунитета обеспечивается размножением вакцинного штамма в организме без развития заболевания, так как бактерия, к которой необходимо вызвать иммунитет, характеризуется ослабленной вирулентностью (аттенуацией). Первое поколение аттенуированных штаммов отбирали из множества спонтанных или индуцированных физическими, химическими и биологическими факторами мутантов после оценки вирулентности. Стремительное развитие молекулярной генетики позволяет значительно сократить время аттенуации патогенов путем получения нокаутных мутантов по определенным исследователем генам или введения в их геном «генов авирулентности». Но если методологические аспекты конструирования аттенуированных штаммов практически решены, то отсутствие в нормативных документах официально установленных критериев оценки их опасности затрудняет определение степени аттенуации. В публикации приводятся доводы в пользу необходимости изменений в порядке учета и хранения культур, а также регламентации процесса перевода аттенуированных штаммов возбудителя чумы из I в III группу опасности для последующего использования в работах по конструированию вакцинных препаратов. При этом требования к методологическим аспектам безопасного конструирования аттенуированных штаммов Yersinia pestis и критериям проверки утраты вирулентности не должны снижаться.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Live vaccines induce both cellular and humoral immunity and are cheap and easy to use. The induction of immunity is provided through the reproduction of the vaccine strain in the host body without the development of the disease, since the bacterium to which it is necessary to induce the immunity is characterized by reduced virulence (attenuation). The first generation of attenuated strains was chosen from a variety of spontaneous or physically, chemically and biologically induced mutants after virulence assessment. The rapid development of molecular genetics makes it possible to significantly reduce the time of pathogen attenuation via obtaining knockout mutants with genes selected by a researcher or by inserting “avirulence genes” into the genome. But, given that the methodological aspects of the design of avirulent strains are basically clarified, the absence of officially established criteria for assessing the hazard in regulatory documents hinders the determination of the degree of attenuation. In this regard, there is a need for changes in the procedure for accounting and storage of bacterial cultures, as well as regulation of the process of transferring plague pathogen avirulent strains from the 1st into the 3rd pathogenicity group for subsequent use in the vaccine preparations development. Thereat, the requirements to methodological aspects of the safe generation of attenuated Yersinia pestis strains and the criteria for testing the virulence loss should be maintained at high levels</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Yersinia pestis</kwd><kwd>группа патогенности (опасности)</kwd><kwd>аттенуация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Yersinia pestis</kwd><kwd>pathogenicity (hazard) group</kwd><kwd>attenuation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РНФ 19–15–00072.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out with the support of a grand from the Russian Science Foundation No 19-1500072.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frey J. Biological safety concepts of genetically modified live bacterial vaccines. 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