<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2022-2-94-100</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-1697</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экспериментальный пероксидазный конъюгат для выявления специфических антител к возбудителю сибирской язвы в иммуноферментном анализе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental Peroxidase Conjugate for Detection of Specific Antibodies to Anthrax Agent in Enzyme Immunoassay</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3564-0791</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курчева</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurcheva</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Курчева Светлана Александровна</p><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana A. Kurcheva</p><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kurcheva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8265-5128</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курноскина</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurnoskina</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8443-4089</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жарникова</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zharnikova</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6617-9504</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кошкидько</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koshkid’ko</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2229-6570</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Русанова</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rusanova</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-784X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рязанова</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryazanova</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7744-3112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аксенова</surname><given-names>Л. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aksenova</surname><given-names>L. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9366-5647</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7698-7361</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жиров</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhirov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9362-3949</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куличенко</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulichenko</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Ставропольский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Stavropol Research Anti-Plague Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>94</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Курчева С.А., Курноскина М.М., Жарникова И.В., Кошкидько А.Г., Русанова Д.В., Рязанова А.Г., Аксенова Л.Ю., Ковалев Д.А., Жиров А.М., Куличенко А.Н., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Курчева С.А., Курноскина М.М., Жарникова И.В., Кошкидько А.Г., Русанова Д.В., Рязанова А.Г., Аксенова Л.Ю., Ковалев Д.А., Жиров А.М., Куличенко А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kurcheva S.A., Kurnoskina M.M., Zharnikova I.V., Koshkid’ko A.G., Rusanova D.V., Ryazanova A.G., Aksenova L.Y., Kovalev D.A., Zhirov A.M., Kulichenko A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1697">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1697</self-uri><abstract><p>Сибирская язва представляет собой актуальную проблему для ветеринарии и здравоохранения многих стран, включая Российскую Федерацию, что обусловливает необходимость совершенствования и разработки новых, чувствительных и специфичных диагностических средств.</p><p>Цель работы – создание экспериментального пероксидазного конъюгата для выявления специфических антител к возбудителю сибирской язвы и оптимизация условий проведения иммуноферментного анализа (ИФА).</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для конструирования пероксидазного конъюгата использовали пероксидазу хрена и белок А Staphylococcus aureus (Sigma-Aldrich, США). В качестве сенсибилизирующих агентов применяли бактериальные антигены, выделенные из штаммов Bacillus anthracis 55ΔТПА -1Spo, B. anthracis Sterne 34 F2. Разработанные экспериментальные серии конъюгата исследовали в ИФА на способность связывать антитела сывороток крови больных сибирской язвой и вакцинированных лиц. Чувствительность, специфичность и точность метода рассчитывали с помощью встроенных функций пакета ROCR.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Разработан пероксидазный конъюгат для выявления специфических антител к возбудителю сибирской язвы при исследовании клинического материала, оптимизированы условия постановки ИФА. Для интерпретации результатов исследования использовали пороговое значение коэффициента позитивности, меньше которого результат считали отрицательным, а при равном или большем значении – положительным. В ходе испытания получены достоверные отличия в показателе «коэффициент позитивности» для групп «Здоровые»/«Больные» и «Здоровые»/«Вакцинированные», тогда как отличия между группами «Больные»/«Вакцинированные» были статистически незначимы. Максимальная точность метода наблюдалась при разведении сывороток крови 1:250 и 1:500. Установлена 100 % внутрипостановочная, межпостановочная и межсерийная воспроизводимость для всех положительных образцов. Чувствительность и специфичность экспериментальных пероксидазных конъюгатов составила соответственно 100 и 95,8 %, а точность – 97,6 %.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Anthrax poses a pressing issue for veterinary medicine and public health in many countries, including the Russian Federation, which necessitates the improvement and development of new, sensitive and specific diagnostic tools.</p><p>The aim of the work was to create an experimental peroxidase conjugate for the detection of specific antibodies to the anthrax pathogen and to optimize the conditions for performing enzyme immunoassay (ELISA).</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The peroxidase conjugate was constructed using horseradish peroxidase and Staphylococcus aureus protein A (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Bacterial antigens isolated from strains of Bacillus anthracis 55ΔTPA-1Spo, B. anthracis Sterne 34 F2 were used as sensitizing agents. The developed experimental batches of the conjugate were tested in ELISA for the ability to bind antibodies in the blood sera of anthrax patients and vaccinated individuals. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the method were calculated using the built-in functions of the ROCR software package.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. The peroxidase conjugate to detect specific antibodies to the anthrax pathogen in the study of clinical material has been developed; conditions for the ELISA performance have been optimized. To interpret the results of the study, a threshold value of the positivity coefficient was used, below which the result was considered negative, and at an equal or higher value, positive. The test demonstrated significant differences in the “positivity coefficient” indicator for the “Healthy”/“Sick” and “Healthy”/“Vaccinated” groups, while the differences between the “Sick”/“Vaccinated” groups were statistically insignificant. The maximum accuracy of the method was observed at blood serum dilutions of 1:250 and 1:500. 100 % intra-run, run-to-run and series-to-series reproducibility has been established for all positive samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the experimental peroxidase conjugates were 100 and 95.8 %, respectively, and the accuracy was 97.6 %.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>сибирская язва</kwd><kwd>антитела</kwd><kwd>иФа</kwd><kwd>пероксидазный конъюгат</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diagnostics</kwd><kwd>anthrax</kwd><kwd>antibodies</kwd><kwd>ELISA</kwd><kwd>peroxidase conjugate</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pilo P., Frey J. Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2018; 64:115– 25. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pilo P., Frey J. Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2018; 64:115– 25. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koehler T.M. Bacillus anthracis physiology and genetics. Mol. Aspects Med. 2009; 30(6):386–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.07.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koehler T.M. Bacillus anthracis physiology and genetics. Mol. Aspects Med. 2009; 30(6):386–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.07.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chateau A., Van der Verren S.E., Remaut H., Fioravanti A. The Bacillus anthracis cell envelope: composition, physiological role, and clinical relevance. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(12):1864. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121864.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chateau A., Van der Verren S.E., Remaut H., Fioravanti A. The Bacillus anthracis cell envelope: composition, physiological role, and clinical relevance. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(12):1864. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121864.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pilo P., Frey J. Bacillus anthracis: molecular taxonomy, population genetics, phylogeny and patho-evolution. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2011; 11(6):1218–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.05.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pilo P., Frey J. Bacillus anthracis: molecular taxonomy, po pulation genetics, phylogeny and patho-evolution. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2011; 11(6):1218–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.05.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doganay M., Demiraslan H. Human anthrax as a re-emerging disease. Recent Pat. Anti-Infect. Drug Discov. 2015; 10(1):10–29. DOI: 10.2174/1574891x10666150408162354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doganay M., Demiraslan H. Human anthrax as a re-emer gingdisease. Recent Pat. Anti-Infect. Drug Discov. 2015; 10(1):10–29. DOI: 10.2174/1574891x10666150408162354.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попова А.Ю., Куличенко А.Н., редакторы. Опыт ликвидации вспышки сибирской язвы на Ямале в 2016 году. Ижевск: Принт-2; 2017. 313 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popova A.Yu., Kulichenko A.N., editors. [Experience in Eradication of Anthrax Outbreak in Yamal in 2016]. Izhevsk: “Print-2”; 2017. 313 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аксенова Л.Ю., Рязанова А.Г., Жданова Е.В., Цыганкова О.И., Буравцева Н.П., Еременко Е.И., Тюменцева И.С., Коготкова О.И., Зуенко А.А., Куличенко А.Н. Разработка и апробация тест-системы для обнаружения антител к возбудителю сибирской язвы непрямым методом флуоресцирующих антител. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2013; 4:76–8. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2013-4-76-78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aksenova 	L.Yu., 	Ryazanova A.G., 	Zhdanova 	E.V., Tsygankova O.I., Buravtseva N.P., Eremenko E.I., Tyumentseva I.S., Kogotkova O.I., Zuenko A.A., Kulichenko A.N. [Construction and approval of the test-system for the detection of antibodies to anthrax agent using indirect fluorescent immunoassay]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2013; (4):76–8. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2013-4-76-78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grundmann O. The current state of bioterrorist attack surveillance and preparedness in the US. Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy. 2014; 7:177–87. DOI: 10.2147/RMHP.S56047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grundmann O. The current state of bioterrorist attack surveillance and preparedness in the US. Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy. 2014; 7:177–87. DOI: 10.2147/RMHP.S56047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сысуев Е.Б., Поздняков А.М., Стрыгин А.В., Ираклионова Н .С. Основные принципы диагностики бактериальных поражений. Сибирская язва. Международный журнал прикладных и фундаментальных исследований. 2013; 7:95–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sysuev 	E.B., 	Pozdnyakov 	A.M., 	Strygin 	A.V., Iraklionova N.S. [Basic principles of diagnosis of bacterial lesions. Anthrax.] Mezhdunarodny Zhurnal Prikladnykh i Fundamental’nykh Issledo vaniy [International Journal of Applied and Basic Research]. 2013; (7):95–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marcus H., Danieli R., Epstein E., Velan B., Shafferman A., Reuveny S. Contribution of immunological memory to protective immunity conferred by a Bacillus anthracis protective antigenbased vaccine. Infect. Immun. 2004; 72(6):3471–7. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.72.6.3471-3477.2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marcus H., Danieli R., Epstein E., Velan B., Shafferman A., Reuveny S. Contribution of immunological memory to protective immunity conferred by a Bacillus anthracis protective antigenbased vaccine. Infect. Immun. 2004; 72(6):3471–7. DOI: 10.1128/ IAI.72.6.3471-3477.2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reuveny S., White M.D., Adar Y.Y., Kafri Y., Altboum Z., Gozes Y., Kobiler D., Shafferman A., Velan B. Search for correlates of protective immunity conferred by anthrax vaccine. Infect. Immun. 2001; 69(5):2888–93. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.69.5.2888-2893.2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reuveny S., White M.D., Adar Y.Y., Kafri Y., Altboum Z., Gozes Y., Kobiler D., Shafferman A., Velan B. Search for correlates of protective immunity conferred by anthrax vaccine. Infect. Immun. 2001; 69(5):2888–93. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.69.5.2888-2893.2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quinn C.P., Semenova V.A., Elie C.M., Romero-Steiner S., Greene C., Li H., Stamey K., Steward-Clark E., Schmidt D.S., Mothershed E., Pruckler J., Schwartz S., Benson R.F., Helsel L.O., Holder P.F., Johnson S.E., Kellum M., Messmer T., Thacker W.L., Besser L., Plikaytis B.D., Taylor T.H. Jr, Freeman A.E., Wallace K.J., Dull P., Sejvar J., Bruce E., Moreno R., Schuchat A., Lingappa J.R., Martin S.K., Walls J., Bronsdon M., Carlone G.M., Bajani-Ari M., Ashford D.A., Stephens D.S., Perkins B.A. Specific, sensitive, and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human immunoglobulin G antibodies to anthrax toxin protective antigen. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002; 8(10):1103–10. DOI: 10.3201/eid0810.020380.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quinn C.P., Semenova V.A., Elie C.M., Romero-Steiner S., Greene C., Li H., Stamey K., Steward-Clark E., Schmidt D.S., Mothershed E., Pruckler J., Schwartz S., Benson R.F., Helsel L.O., Holder P.F., Johnson S.E., Kellum M., Messmer T., Thacker W.L., Besser L., Plikaytis B.D., Taylor T.H. Jr, Freeman A.E., Wallace K.J., Dull P., Sejvar J., Bruce E., Moreno R., Schuchat A., Lingappa J.R., Martin S.K., Walls J., Bronsdon M., Carlone G.M., Bajani-Ari M., Ashford D.A., Stephens D.S., Perkins B.A. Specific, sensitive, and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human immunoglobulin G antibodies to anthrax toxin protective antigen. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002; 8(10):1103–10. DOI: 10.3201/eid0810.020380.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kingston J.J., Majumder S., Uppalapati S.R., Makam S.S., Urs R.M., Murali H.S., Batra H.V. Anthrax outbreak among cattle and its detection by extractable antigen 1 (EA1) based sandwich ELISA and immuno PCR. Indian J. Microbiol. 2015; 55:29–34. DOI: 10.1007/s12088-014-0494-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kingston J.J., Majumder S., Uppalapati S.R., Makam S.S., Urs R.M., Murali H.S., Batra H.V. Anthrax outbreak among cattle and its detection by extractable antigen 1 (EA1) based sandwich ELISA and immuno PCR. Indian J. Microbiol. 2015; 55:29–34. DOI: 10.1007/s12088-014-0494-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hassan J., Rahman M.B., Chowdhury S.M.Z.H., Rabidas S.K., Parvej M.S., Nazir K.N.H.N.H. ELISA based anthrax antibody titer in cattle induced by locally prepared anthrax vaccine originated from Sterne F-24 strain in Bangladesh. Microbes Health. 2015; 4(1):36–8. DOI: 10.3329/mh.v4i1.23104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hassan J., Rahman M.B., Chowdhury S.M.Z.H., Rabidas S.K., Parvej M.S., Nazir K.N.H.N.H. ELISA based anthrax antibody titer in cattle induced by locally prepared anthrax vaccine originated from Sterne F-24 strain in Bangladesh. Microbes Health. 2015; 4(1):36–8. DOI: 10.3329/mh.v4i1.23104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghosh N., Goel A.K. Anti-protective antigen IgG enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of cutaneous anthrax in India. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2012; 19(8):1238–42. DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00154-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghosh N., Goel A.K. Anti-protective antigen IgG enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of cutaneous anthrax in India. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2012; 19(8):1238–42. DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00154-12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson M.B., Nakane P.K. Recent developments in the periodate method of conjugating horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) to antibodies. In: Knapp W., Holubar K., Wick G., editors. Immunofluorescence and Related Staining Techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press; 1978. P. 215–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson M.B., Nakane P.K. Recent developments in the periodate method of conjugating horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) to antibodies. In: Knapp W., Holubar K., Wick G., editors. Immunofluorescence and Related Staining Techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press; 1978. P. 215–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Микшис Н.И., Попова П.Ю., Семакова А.П., Кудрявцева О.М., Бугоркова С.А., Кравцов А.Л. Изучение влияния антигенов, полученных из рекомбинантного штамма Bacillus anthracis 55ΔTПА-1Spo-, на органы и ткани иммунизированных животных. Биотехнология. 2017; 33(5):45–60. DOI: 10.21519/0234-2758-2017-33-5-45-60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikshis N.I., Popova P.Yu., Semakova A.P., Kudryavtseva O.M., Bugorkova S.A., Kravtsov A.L. [Study of the effect of antigens obtained from the recombinant Bacillus anthracis 55ΔTPA1Spo-strain on the organs and tissues of immunized animals]. Biotekhnologiya [Biotechnology]. 2017; 33(5):45–60. DOI: 10.21519/0234-2758-2017-33-5-45-60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горобец Е.А., Афанасьев Е.Н., Тюменцева И.С., Василенко Н.Ф. Совершенствование способа получения иммунных кроличьих сибиреязвенных капсульно-соматических сывороток. Медицинский вестник Северного Кавказа. 2008; 1:42–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorobets E.A., Afanas’ev E.N., Tyumentseva I.S., Vasilenko N.F. [Improvement of the method for obtaining immune rabbit anthrax capsular-somatic sera]. Meditsinsky Vestnik Severnogo Kavkaza [Medical Bulletin of the North Caucasus]. 2008; (1):42–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.R-project.org.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.R-project.org.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wickham H., Averick M., Bryan J., Chang W., D’Agostino McGowan L., Francois R., Grolemund G., Hayes A., Henry L., Hester J., Kuhn M., Pedersen T.L., Miller E., Bache S.M., Muller K., Ooms J., Robinson D., Seidel D.P., Spinu V., Takahashi K., Vaughan D., Wilke C., Woo K., Yutani H. Welcome to the tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 2019; 4(43):1686. DOI: 10.21105/joss.01686.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wickham H., Averick M., Bryan J., Chang W., D’Agostino McGowan L., François R., Grolemund G., Hayes A., Henry L., Hester J., Kuhn M., Pedersen T.L., Miller E., Bache S.M., Müller K., Ooms J., Robinson D., Seidel D.P., Spinu V., Takahashi K., Vaughan D., Wilke C., Woo K., Yutani H. Welcome to the tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 2019; 4(43):1686. DOI: 10.21105/joss.01686.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sing T., Sander O., Beerenwinkel N., Lengauer T. ROCR: visualizing classifier performance in R. Bioinformatics. 2005; 21(20):3940–1. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti623.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sing T., Sander O., Beerenwinkel N., Lengauer T. ROCR: visualizing classifier performance in R. Bioinformatics. 2005; 21(20):3940–1. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti623.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alboukadel Kassambara (2020). ggpubr: ‘ggplot2’ Based Publication Ready Plots. [R package version 0.4.0]. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggpubr.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alboukadel Kassambara (2020). ggpubr: ‘ggplot2’ Based Publication Ready Plots. [R package version 0.4.0]. [Internet]. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggpubr.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пономаренко Д.Г., Ракитина Е.Л., Костюченко М.В., Логвиненко О.В., Рязанова А.Г., Аксенова Л.Ю., Буравцева Н.П., Тюменцева И.С., Курчева С.А., Куличенко А.Н. Применение CAST-теста для оценки у людей специфической реактивности к возбудителю сибирской язвы. Медицинская иммунология. 2020; 22(5):1017–24. DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-UCT-2058.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponomarenko D.G., Rakitina E.L., Kostyuchenko M.V., Logvinenko O.V., Ryazanova A.G., Aksenova L.Yu., Buravtseva N.P., Tyumentseva I.S., Kurcheva S.A., Kulichenko A.N. [The use of the CAST test to assess human specific reactivity to anthrax agent]. Meditsinskaya Immunologiya [Medical Immunology]. 2020; 22(5):1017–24. DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-UCT-2058.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
