<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2022-2-122-133</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-1704</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Инфекционные болезни Американского региона, актуальные в плане надзора и контроля на глобальном уровне</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Infectious Diseases in the Americas Region that Are Relevant to the Global Surveillance and Control</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8682-1536</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Удовиченко</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Udovichenko</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Удовиченко Светлана Константиновна</p><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana K. Udovichenko</p><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6940-0350</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2076-5276</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бородай</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boroday</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4849-3866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9368-6165</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Путинцева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Putintseva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2722-7948</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Викторов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Viktorov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-4657</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топорков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Toporkov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-5756</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костылева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostyleva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Волгоградский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Volgograd Research Anti-Plague Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>122</fpage><lpage>133</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Удовиченко С.К., Никитин Д.Н., Бородай Н.В., Иванова А.В., Путинцева Е.В., Викторов Д.В., Топорков А.В., Костылева А.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Удовиченко С.К., Никитин Д.Н., Бородай Н.В., Иванова А.В., Путинцева Е.В., Викторов Д.В., Топорков А.В., Костылева А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Udovichenko S.K., Nikitin D.N., Boroday N.V., Ivanova A.V., Putintseva E.V., Viktorov D.V., Toporkov A.V., Kostyleva A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1704">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1704</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель – информационно-аналитическая оценка эпидемиологической обстановки по инфекционным болезням, потенциально или реально опасным в плане возникновения чрезвычайной ситуации санитарноэпидемиологического характера, в Американском регионе. Материалы и методы. В работе использованы официальные отчеты ВОЗ, Панамериканского бюро ВОЗ, Центров по контролю и профилактике заболеваний, министерств здравоохранения стран, данные информационного портала ProMED, Глобальной сети по эпидемиологии инфекционных заболеваний, опубликованные научные труды. Результаты и обсуждение. На модели Американского региона установлены региональные эпидемиологические особенности, включая эндемичность (энзоотичность) территорий по наиболее актуальным нозологиям и интенсивность проявлений эпидемического процесса. Показано, что основные эпидемиологические риски в странах Центральной, Южной Америки и Карибского бассейна связаны с лихорадками денге, Зика, чикунгунья, характеризующимися широким территориальным распространением и способностью вызывать масштабные эпидемические вспышки, а в странах Северной Америки – с лихорадкой Западного Нила. В число других инфекций, требующих настороженности на международном уровне, отнесены: холера, дважды вызывавшая за период седьмой пандемии эпидемии заносного происхождения, изменившие структуру мировой заболеваемости; чума, проявляющаяся ежегодной заболеваемостью, в том числе с осложнением легочной формой, что определяет повышенную потенциальную опасность к антропонозному распространению; малярия, демонстрирующая тенденцию к росту заболеваемости и числа внутриконтинентальных заносов; желтая лихорадка, характеризующаяся активизацией природных очагов и расширением территорий потенциальной передачи возбудителя. Полученные данные могут служить основой для оценки рисков заноса инфекционных болезней из Американского региона на благополучные территории, совершенствования эпидемиологического прогнозирования, обоснованности принятия управленческих решений при проведении санитарно-противоэпидемических (профилактических) мероприятий.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the work was information-analytical assessment of the epidemiological situation on infectious diseases that are potentially or truly dangerous in terms of occurrence of emergencies of sanitary-epidemiological nature in the Region of Americas.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was based on the official reports of the WHO, the Pan American Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the national Ministries of Health, data from the ProMED information portal, the Global Network for the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, and published scientific papers.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. By the model of the Americas, regional epidemiological features have been established, including the endemicity (enzooticity) of territories according to the most relevant nosological forms and the intensity of the epidemic process manifestations. It is shown that the main epidemiological risks in the countries of Central, South America and the Caribbean are associated with dengue, Zika, Chikungunya fevers characterized by a wide territorial dissemination and the ability to cause large-scale epidemic outbreaks, in the countries of North America – West Nile fever. Other infections of international concern include: cholera, that twice caused epidemics of imported origin during the seventh pandemic, which changed the structure of world morbidity; plague, manifested in an annual incidence, including with a complication by the pneumonic form, which determines an increased potential danger of anthropogenic spread; malaria, demonstrating an upward trend in morbidity and the number of intra-continental imported cases; yellow fever, characterized by the activation of natural foci and the expansion of the territories of potential pathogen transmission. The data obtained can serve as a basis for assessing the risks of infectious disease introduction from the American Region into safe territories, improving epidemiological forecasting and validity in making managerial decisions when conducting sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>американский регион</kwd><kwd>эпидемиологический риск</kwd><kwd>эпидемиологическая ситуация</kwd><kwd>арбовирусные лихорадки</kwd><kwd>чума</kwd><kwd>холера</kwd><kwd>малярия</kwd><kwd>обеспечение санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>American Region</kwd><kwd>epidemiological risk</kwd><kwd>epidemiological situation</kwd><kwd>arboviral fevers</kwd><kwd>plague</kwd><kwd>cholera</kwd><kwd>malaria</kwd><kwd>sanitary-epidemiological welfare</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вступительное слово Генерального директора на пресс-брифинге по COVID-19 11 марта 2020 г. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.who.int/ru/dg/speeches/detail/who-directorgeneral-sopening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 (дата обращения 15.11.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020]. (Cited 15 Nov 2021). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/ru/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-sopening-remarks-at-the-media-briefingon-covid-19---11-march-2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Распространение в мире инфекционных болезней, значимых для обеспечения эпидемиологического благополучия международных сообщений. Справочное эпидемиологическое издание в пяти томах. Том II. Европейский регион. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://microbe.ru/files/Reference_book_Vol2.pdf (дата обращения 01.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[Global Distribution of Infectious Diseases Significant for Ensuring the Epidemiological Well-Being of International Communications. Epidemiological reference book in five volumes. Volume II. European region]. (Cited 01 Dec 2021). [Internet]. Available from: http://microbe.ru/files/Reference_book_Vol2.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population Prospects 2019. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/ (дата обращения 05.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population Prospects 2019. (Cited 05 Dec 2021). [Internet]. Available from: https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов М.П., Султанов Г.В. Эпидемические проявления чумы в прошлом и настоящем. Махачкала: Дагкнигоиздат; 1993. 336 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov M.P., Sultanov G.V. [Epidemic Manifestations of Plague in the Past and in the Present]. Makhachkala: Dagestan Book Publishing; 1993. 336 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попов Н.В., Куклев Е.В., Слудский А.А., Тарасов М.А., Матросов А.Н., Князева Т.В., Караваева Т.Б., Кутырев В.В. Ландшафтная приуроченность и биоценотическая структура природных очагов чумы дальнего зарубежья. Северная и Южная Америка, Африка, Азия. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2005; 1:9–15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popov N.V., Kouklev E.V., SIoodsky A.A., Tarasov M.A., Matrosov A.N., Knyazeva T.V., Karavayeva T.B., Kutyrev V.V. [Landscape confinement and biocenotic structure of natural plague foci of remote foreign countries in North and South Americas, Africa, Asia]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2005; (1):9–15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonvicino C.R., Oliveira J.A., Cordeiro-Estrela P., D’andrea P.S., Almeida A.M. A taxonomic update of small mammal plague reservoirs in South America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015; 15(10):571–9. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1788.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonvicino C.R., Oliveira J.A., Cordeiro-Estrela P., D’andrea P.S., Almeida A.M. A taxonomic update of small mammal plague reservoirs in South America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015; 15(10):571–9. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1788.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antonation K.S., Shury T.K., Bollinger T.K., Olson A., Mabon P., Van Domselaar G., Corbett C.R. Sylvatic plague in a Canadian black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). J. Wildl. Dis. 2014; 50(3):699–702. DOI: 10.7589/2013-08-215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antonation K.S., Shury T.K., Bollinger T.K., Olson A., Mabon P., Van Domselaar G., Corbett C.R. Sylvatic plague in a Canadian black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). J. Wildl. Dis. 2014; 50(3):699–702. DOI: 10.7589/2013-08-215.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deen J., Mengel M.A., Clemens J.D. Epidemiology of cholera. Vaccine. 2020; 38(Suppl 1):A31–A40. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.078.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deen J., Mengel M.A., Clemens J.D. Epidemiology of cholera. Vaccine. 2020; 38(Suppl 1):A31–A40. DOI: 10.1016/j. vaccine.2019.07.078.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Онищенко Г.Г., Кутырев В.В., Щуковская Т.Н., Смирнова Н.И., Никифоров А.К., Еремин С.А., Топорков В.П. Специфическая профилактика холеры в современных условиях. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2011; 1:5–12. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2011-1(107)-5-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onishchenko G.G., Kutyrev V.V., Shchukovskaya T.N., Smirnova N.I., Nikiforov A.K., Eremin S.A., Toporkov V.P. [Cholera specific prophylaxis in modern conditions]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2011; 1:5–12. DOI: org/10.21055/0370-1069-2011-1(107)-5-12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haiti reaches one-year free of Cholera. Pan American Health Organization. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.paho.org/en/news/23-1-2020-haiti-reaches-one-year-free-cholera (дата обращения 11.11.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haiti reaches one-year free of Cholera. Pan American Health Organization. (Cited 11 Nov 2021). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.paho.org/en/news/23-1-2020-haiti-reaches-oneyear-free-cholera.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Москвитина Э.А., Янович Е.Г., Куриленко М.Л., Кругликов В.Д., Титова С.В., Левченко Д.А., Водопьянов А.С., Лопатин А.А., Иванова С.М., Мишанькин Б.М., Кривенко А.С., Анисимова Г.Б., Носков А.К. Холера: мониторинг эпидемиологической обстановки в мире и России (2010–2019 гг.). Прогноз на 2020 г. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2020; 2:38–47. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2020-2-38-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moskvitina E.A., Yanovich E.G., Kurilenko M.I., Kruglikov V.D., Titova S.V., Levchenko D.A., Vodop’yanov A.S., Lopatin A.A., Ivanova S.M., Mishan’kin B.M., Krivenko A.S., Anisimova G.B., Noskov A.K. [Cholera: monitoring of epidemiological situation around the world and in Russia (2010–2019). Forecast for 2020]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2020; (2):38–47. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2020-2-38-47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore S.M., Shannon K.L., Zelaya C.E., Azman A.S., Lessler J. Epidemic risk from cholera introductions into Mexico. PLoS Curr. 2014; 6:ecurrents.outbreaks.c04478c7fbd9854ef6-ba923cc81eb799. DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.c04478c7fbd9854ef6ba923cc81eb799.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore S.M., Shannon K.L., Zelaya C.E., Azman A.S., Lessler J. Epidemic risk from cholera introductions into Mexico. PLoS Curr. 2014; 6:ecurrents.outbreaks.c04478c7fbd9854ef6ba923cc81eb799. DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.c04478c7fbd9854ef6ba923cc81eb799.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2021. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/world-malaria-reports/978924004049-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=8f4af712_5&amp;download=true (дата обращения 03.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2021. (Cited 03 Dec 2021). [Internet]. Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/world-malariareports/978924004049-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=8f4af712_5&amp;download=true.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conn J.E., Grillet M.E., Correa M.M., Sallum M.A. Malaria transmission in South America – present status and prospects for elimination. Towards malaria elimination – a leap forward. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/62219 (дата обращения 18.11.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conn J.E., Grillet M.E., Correa M.M., Sallum M.A. Malaria Transmission in South America –Present Status and Prospects for Elimination. Towards Malaria Elimination – A Leap Forward. (Cited 18 Nov 2021). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/62219.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sinka M.E., Bangs M.J., Manguin S., Rubio-Palis Y., Chareonviriyaphap T., Coetzee M., Mbogo C.M., Hemingway J., Patil A.P., Temperley W.H., Gething P.W., Kabaria C.W., Burkot T.R., Harbach R.E., Hay S.I. A global map of dominant malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors. 2012; 5:69. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinka M.E., Bangs M.J., Manguin S., Rubio-Palis Y., Chareonviriyaphap T., Coetzee M., Mbogo C.M., Hemingway J., Patil A.P., Temperley W.H., Gething P.W., Kabaria C.W., Burkot T.R., Harbach R.E., Hay S.I. A global map of dominant malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors. 2012; 5:69. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brathwaite Dick O., San Martin J.L., Montoya R.H., del Diego J., Zambrano B., Dayan G.H. The history of dengue outbreaks in the Americas. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2012; 87(4):584–93. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brathwaite Dick O., San Martín J.L., Montoya R.H., del Diego J., Zambrano B., Dayan G.H. The history of dengue outbreaks in the Americas. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2012; 87(4):584–93. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0770.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андрюков Б.Г., Беседнова Н.Н., Калинин А.В., Котельников В.Н., Крыжановский С.П. Биологическое оружие и глобальная система биологической безопасности. Владивосток: Дальнаука; 2017. 430 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andryukov 	B.G., 	Besednova 	N.N., 	Kalinin 	A.V., Kotel’nikov V.N., Kryzhanovsky S.P. [Biological Weapons and the Global Biological Security System]. Vladivostok: “Dalnauka” Book Publishing; 2017. 430 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcia-Rejon J.E., Navarro J.C., Cigarroa-Toledo N., Baak- Baak C.M. An updated review of the invasive Aedes albopictus in the Americas; geographical distribution, host feeding patterns, arbovirus infection, and the potential for vertical transmission of dengue virus. Insects. 2021; 12(11):967. DOI: 10.3390/insects12110967.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcia-Rejon J.E., Navarro J.C., Cigarroa-Toledo N., BaakBaak C.M. An updated review of the invasive Aedes albopictus in the Americas; geographical distribution, host feeding patterns, arbovirus infection, and the potential for vertical transmission of dengue virus. Insects. 2021; 12(11):967. DOI: 10.3390/insects12110967.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yellow fever in Africa and Central and South America, 2008–2009. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. 2011; 86(4):25–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yellow fever in Africa and Central and South America, 2008–2009. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. 2011; 86(4):25–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kramer L.D., Ciota A.T., Kilpatrick A.M. Introduction, spread, and establishment of West Nile virus in the Americas. J. Med. Entomol. 2019; 56(6):1448–55. DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz151.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kramer L.D., Ciota A.T., Kilpatrick A.M. Introduction, spread, and establishment of West Nile virus in the Americas. J. Med. Entomol. 2019; 56(6):1448–55. DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz151.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sejvar J.J. West Nile virus infection. Microbiol. Spectr. 2016; 4(3). DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.EI10-0021-2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sejvar J.J. West Nile virus infection. Microbiol. Spectr. 2016; 4(3). DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.EI10-0021-2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Komar N., Clark G.G. West Nile virus activity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Rev. Panam. Salud. Publica. 2006; 19(2):112–7. DOI: 10.1590/s1020-49892006000200006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komar N., Clark G.G. West Nile virus activity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Rev. Panam. Salud. Publica. 2006; 19(2):112–7. DOI: 10.1590/s1020-49892006000200006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreadis T.G. The contributions of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes to transmission and persistence of West Nile virus in North America. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 2012; 28(4 Suppl):137– 51. DOI: 10.2987/8756-971X-28.4s.137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreadis T.G. The contributions of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes to transmission and persistence of West Nile virus in North America. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 2012; 28(4 Suppl):137– 51. DOI: 10.2987/8756-971X-28.4s.137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campos G.S., Bandeira A.C., Sardi S.I. Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2015; 21(10):1885–6. DOI: 10.3201/eid2110.150847.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campos G.S., Bandeira A.C., Sardi S.I. Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2015; 21(10):1885–6. DOI: 10.3201/eid2110.150847.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musso D., Gubler D.J. Zika virus. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2016; 29:487–524. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00072-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musso D., Gubler D.J. Zika virus. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2016; 29:487–524. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00072-15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeller H., Van Bortel W., Sudre B. Chikungunya: its history in Africa and Asia and its spread to new regions in 2013–2014. J. Infect. Dis. 2016; 214(Suppl 5):S436–S440. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw391.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeller H., Van Bortel W., Sudre B. Chikungunya: its history in Africa and Asia and its spread to new regions in 2013–2014. J. Infect. Dis. 2016; 214(Suppl 5):S436–S440. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw391.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: Outbreak of poliomyelitis – Dominican Republic and Haiti, 2000– 2001. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2001; 50(39):855–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: Outbreak of poliomyelitis – Dominican Republic and Haiti, 2000– 2001. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2001; 50(39):855–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Falleiros-Arlant L.H., Ayala S.E.G., Domingues C., Brea J., Colsa-Ranero A. Current status of poliomyelitis in Latin America. Rev. Chilena Infectol. 2020; 37(6):701–9. DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182020000600701.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Falleiros-Arlant L.H., Ayala S.E.G., Domingues C., Brea J., Colsa-Ranero A. Current status of poliomyelitis in Latin America. Rev. Chilena Infectol. 2020; 37(6):701–9. DOI: 10.4067/S071610182020000600701.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
