microbeПроблемы особо опасных инфекцийProblems of Particularly Dangerous Infections0370-10692658-719XRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”10.21055/0370-1069-2022-3-23-37microbe-1722Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSШтаммы Yersinia pestis линии 1.ORI как этиологический агент III пандемии чумыYersinia pestis Strains of the 1.ORI Line as Etiological Agent of the Plague Pandemic IIIhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4115-9486НикифоровК. А.NikiforovK. A.

Никифоров Константин Алексеевич

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

Konstantin A. Nikiforov

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

rusrapi@microbe.ruФКУН «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб»РоссияRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”Russian Federation202229102022032337Copyright © Никифоров К.А., 20222022Никифоров К.А.Nikiforov K.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1722

Штаммы Yersinia pestis линии 1.ORI берут свое начало в Китае как результат эволюции филогенетической ветви 1.ANT. Штаммы восточного биовара делятся с образованием трех основных линий эволюции: 1.ORI1, 1.ORI2, 1.ORI3. Линии 1.ORI1 и 1.ORI2 возникли в Китае, а затем распространились на восточное и западное побережье Индии соответственно. Штаммы восточного биовара широко распространились по всему миру преимущественно в результате заноса морским путем. Так, линия 1.ORI1 занесена на территорию Северной Америки. Линия 1.ORI2 получила распространение в Юго-Восточной Азии, Африке, Европе и Южной Америке. Кроме того, штаммы восточного биовара завезены и на территорию Австралии, однако формирования природных очагов не произошло. Распространение штаммов на новые территории во время третьей пандемии, как правило, происходило с участием одного штамма, который вызывал эпизоотии среди синантропных грызунов. После регистрировались вспышки среди населения портовых городов с последующим заносом в сельскую местность и формированием природных очагов при подходящих природных условиях. При отсутствии таковых возбудитель чумы элиминировался из природных биотопов, формирования природного очага не происходило. В последние десятилетия большинство случаев чумы человека в мире вызвано штаммами восточного биовара (1.ORI). Однако возникновение и распространение эволюционной линии «1» изучены недостаточно. В настоящее время для выяснения подробностей иррадиации штаммов восточного биовара не хватает как исторических данных, так и штаммов, являющихся предками для современных штаммов на территории многих стран. В результате представления о диссеминации многих ветвей эволюции штаммов восточного биовара в настоящее время имеют вид гипотез. В обзоре проведен анализ литературных данных по истории и эпидемиологии чумы за третью пандемию, поиск связи эпидемических проявлений с принадлежностью штаммов, их вызвавших, к определенным филогенетическим линиям.

Yersinia pestis strains of the 1.ORI lineage originate from China as a result of evolution of the 1.ANT phylogenetic branch. Strains of the biovar orientalis are divided into three major lines of evolution: 1.ORI1, 1.ORI2, 1.ORI3. Lines 1.ORI1 and 1.ORI2 originated in China and then spread across the east and west coasts of India, respectively. Strains of the biovar orientalis have widely spread throughout the world, mainly as a result of introduction by sea. This way, the 1.ORI1 line was imported onto the territory of North America. 1.ORI2 line has spread to Southeast Asia, Africa, Europe, and South America. In addition, the strains of the biovar orientalis were brought to the territory of Australia, however, the formation of natural foci did not occur. The spread of strains to new territories during the third plague pandemic, as a rule, took place with the participation of one strain, which caused epizootics among synanthropic rodents. After that, outbreaks were recorded among the population of port cities, followed by drifting into the countryside and the formation of natural foci under suitable natural conditions. In the absence of such, the plague pathogen was eliminated from natural biotopes, and the formation of a natural focus did not occur. In recent decades, most cases of human plague in the world have been caused by strains of the biovar orientalis (1.ORI). However, the emergence and spread of the evolutionary line “1” is insufficiently studied. Currently, there is a lack of both historical data and strains that are ancestors of modern strains in many countries to clarify the details of the irradiation of strains of the biovar orientalis. As a result, the concepts of dissemination of many evolution branches of the strains, biovar orientalis are in the form of hypotheses to date. In this work, the collection and analysis of literature data on the history and epidemiology of plague over the third pandemic, a search for a connection between epidemic manifestations and the appurtenance of the strains that caused them to certain phylogenetic lineages was carried out.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.