<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2022-3-158-163</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-1738</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительный анализ потенциальных детерминант резистентности к аминогликозидам у штаммов Burkholderia pseudomallei с различным уровнем чувствительности к гентамицину</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative Analysis of Potential Determinants of Resistance to Aminoglycosides in Burkholderia pseudomallei Strains with Different Level of Sensitivity to Gentamicin</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2847-5177</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чирсков</surname><given-names>П. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chirskov</surname><given-names>P. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9266-2156</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Bui</surname><given-names>Т. L.A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bui</surname><given-names>T. L.A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ханой</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Hanoi</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4516-731X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Устинов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ustinov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-6402</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Викторов</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Viktorov</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-7658</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>И. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>I. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Захарова Ирина Борисовна</p><p> </p><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina B. Zakharova</p><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zib279@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Волгоградский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Volgograd Plague Control Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российско-Вьетнамский Тропический научно-исследовательский и технологический центр</institution><country>Вьетнам</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center</institution><country>Viet Nam</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>158</fpage><lpage>163</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чирсков П.Р., Bui Т.L., Устинов Д.В., Викторов А.Д., Захарова И.Б., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чирсков П.Р., Bui Т.L., Устинов Д.В., Викторов А.Д., Захарова И.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chirskov P.R., Bui T.L., Ustinov D.V., Viktorov A.D., Zakharova I.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1738">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1738</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель – поиск и сравнительный анализ потенциальных детерминант резистентности к аминогликозидам у чувствительных к гентамицину штаммов Burkholderia pseudomallei.</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведен биоинформатический анализ шотган полногеномных сиквенсов трех чувствительных к гентамицину штаммов возбудителя мелиоидоза.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Возбудитель мелиоидоза естественно резистентен к аминогликозидам, и этот признак является диагностическим, однако встречаются штаммы, полностью или частично утратившие его. Такие штаммы при классической схеме выделения и идентификации, как правило, не учитываются. При этом значимых отличий в клинических проявлениях мелиоидоза при инфицировании резистентными и чувствительными к гентамицину штаммами не обнаружено. У исследованных штаммов, принадлежащих к трем разным сиквенс-типам (ST70, ST948 и ST1566), обнаружены точечные миссенс-мутации в генах трех эффлюкс-насосов семейства RND: AmrAB-OprA, BpeAB-OprB и BpeEF-OprC – и одного с неизвестными функциями, а также в гене аминогликозид-6’-N-ацетилтрансферазы AAC(6’)-III. У всех трех штаммов обнаружены аминокислотные замены в периплазматическом адаптере AmrA: ARG160SER, Arg116Gln и Gly237Arg, Thr317Lys. У умеренно чувствительных штаммов (ST948 и ST1566) обнаружена идентичная замена Val222Met в репрессоре оперона AmrAB-OprA – AmrR. Возможно, что у исследованных штаммов промежуточный уровень чувствительности к гентамицину опосредован конститутивной экспрессией оперона AmrAB-OprA, что частично компенсирует выявленные структурные дефекты. Также не исключена вероятность участия в утрате резистентности к гентамицину динуклеотидной делеции в гене аминогликозид-6’-N-ацетилтрансферазы AAC (6’)-III, а также обнаруженных мутаций у гомологов периплазматического адаптера (BPSL2234) неохарактеризованного эффлюкс-оперона семейства RND. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the study was to identify and compare potential determinants of aminoglycoside resistance in gentamicin susceptible Burkholderia pseudomallei strains.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A bioinformatics analysis of whole genome shotgun sequences of three B. pseudomallei strains having different levels of sensitivity to gentamicin was carried out.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. B. pseudomallei is intrinsically resistant to aminoglycosides. Such strains, as a rule, are not taken into account in the classical scheme of isolation and identification. At the same time, there were no significant differences in the clinical manifestations of melioidosis during infection with gentamicin-resistant and sensitive strains. In B. pseudomallei strains of different sequence types (ST70, ST948, and ST1566), point missense mutations were found in the genes of three efflux pumps of the RND family: AmrAB-OprA, BpeAB-OprB, BpeEF-OprC, and one with unknown functions, as well as in the gene aminoglycoside-6’-N-acetyltransferase AAC(6’)-III. All three strains had amino acid substitutions in the AmrA periplasmic linker: ARG160SER, Arg116Gln and Gly237Arg, Thr317Lys, respectively. In moderately sensitive strains (ST948 and ST1566), an identical Val222Met substitution was found in the repressor of the AmrAB-OprA operon, AmrR. It is likely that the intermediate level of sensitivity to gentamicin in the studied strains is mediated by the constitutive expression of the AmrAB-OprA operon, which partially compensates for the structural defects. It is also possible that a dinucleotide deletion in the AAC (6’)-III aminoglycoside-6’-N-acetyltransferase gene, as well as detected mutations in the homologues of the periplasmic linker (BPSL2234) of an uncharacterized efflux operon of the RND family, are involved in the loss of resistance to gentamicin.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Burkholderia pseudomallei</kwd><kwd>чувствительность к гентамицину</kwd><kwd>эффлюкс-насосы семейства RND</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Burkholderia pseudomallei</kwd><kwd>susceptibility to gentamicin</kwd><kwd>RND efflux pumps</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trunck L.A., Propst K.L., Wuthiekanun V., Tuanyok A., Beckstrom-Sternberg S.M., Beckstrom-Sternberg J.S., Peacock S.J., Keim P., Dow S.W., Schweizer H.P. Molecular basis of rare aminoglycoside susceptibility and pathogenesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei clinical isolates from Thailand. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2009; 3(9):e519. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trunck L.A., Propst K.L., Wuthiekanun V., Tuanyok A., Beckstrom-Sternberg S.M., Beckstrom-Sternberg J.S., Peacock S.J., Keim P., Dow S.W., Schweizer H.P. Molecular basis of rare aminoglycoside susceptibility and pathogenesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei clinical isolates from Thailand. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2009; 3(9):e519. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Podin Y., Sarovich D.S., Price E.P., Kaestli M., Mayo M., Hii K., Ngian H., Wong S., Wong I., Wong J., Mohan A., Ooi M., Fam T., Wong J., Tuanyok A., Keim P., Giffard P.M., Currie B.J. Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, are predominantly susceptible to aminoglycosides and macrolides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2014; 58(1):162–6. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01842-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Podin Y., Sarovich D.S., Price E.P., Kaestli M., Mayo M., Hii K., Ngian H., Wong S., Wong I., Wong J., Mohan A., Ooi M., Fam T., Wong J., Tuanyok A., Keim P., Giffard P.M., Currie B.J. Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, are predominantly susceptible to aminoglycosides and macrolides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2014; 58(1):162–6. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01842-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sia T.L.L., Mohan A., Ooi M.H., Chien S.L., Tan L.S., Goh C., Pang D.C.L., Currie B.J., Wong J.S., Podin Y. Corrigendum to: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of melioidosis caused by gentamicin-susceptible Burkholderia pseudomallei in Sarawak, Malaysia. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2022; 9(2):ofab653. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab653.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sia T.L.L., Mohan A., Ooi M.H., Chien S.L., Tan L.S., Goh C., Pang D.C.L., Currie B.J., Wong J.S., Podin Y. Corrigendum to: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of melioidosis caused by gentamicin-susceptible Burkholderia pseudomallei in Sarawak, Malaysia. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2022; 9(2):ofab653. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab653.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohan A., Podin Y., Tai N., Chieng C.H., Rigas V., Machunter B., Mayo M., Wong D., Chien S.L., Tan L.S., Goh C., Bantin R., Mijen A., Chua W.Y., Hii K.C., Wong S.C., Ngian H.U., Wong J.S., Hashim J., Currie B.J., Ooi M.H. Pediatric melioidosis in Sarawak, Malaysia: Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2017; 11(6):e0005650. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005650.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohan A., Podin Y., Tai N., Chieng C.H., Rigas V., Machunter B., Mayo M., Wong D., Chien S.L., Tan L.S., Goh C., Bantin R., Mijen A., Chua W.Y., Hii K.C., Wong S.C., Ngian H.U., Wong J.S., Hashim J., Currie B.J., Ooi M.H. Pediatric melioidosis in Sarawak, Malaysia: Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2017; 11(6):e0005650. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005650.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore R.A., DeShazer D., Reckseidler S., Weissman A., Woods D.E. Efflux-mediated aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999; 43(3):465–70. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.43.3.465.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore R.A., DeShazer D., Reckseidler S., Weissman A., Woods D.E. Efflux-mediated aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999; 43(3):465–70. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.43.3.465.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viktorov D.V., Zakharova I.B., Podshivalova M.V., Kalinkina E.V., Merinova O.A., Ageeva N.P., Antonov V.A., Merinova L.K., Alekseev V.V. High-level resistance to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins in Burkholderia pseudomallei and closely related species. Trans R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2008; 102 Suppl 1:S103–10. DOI: 10.1016/S0035-9203(08)70025-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viktorov D.V., Zakharova I.B., Podshivalova M.V., Kalinkina E.V., Merinova O.A., Ageeva N.P., Antonov V.A., Merinova L.K., Alekseev V.V. High-level resistance to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins in Burkholderia pseudomallei and closely related species. Trans R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2008; 102 Suppl 1:S103–10. DOI: 10.1016/S0035-9203(08)70025-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bugrysheva J.V., Sue D., Gee J.E., Elrod M.G., Hoffmaster A.R., Randall L.B., Chirakul S., Tuanyok A., Schweizer H.P., Weigel L.M. Antibiotic resistance markers in Burkholderia pseudomallei strain Bp1651 identified by genome sequence analysis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2017; 61(6):e00010–17. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00010-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bugrysheva J.V., Sue D., Gee J.E., Elrod M.G., Hoffmaster A.R., Randall L.B., Chirakul S., Tuanyok A., Schweizer H.P., Weigel L.M. Antibiotic resistance markers in Burkholderia pseudomallei strain Bp1651 identified by genome sequence analysis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2017; 61(6):e00010–17. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00010-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaisson M.J., Pevzner P.A. Short read fragment assembly of bacterial genomes. Genome Res. 2008; 18(2):324–30. DOI: 10.1101/gr.7088808.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaisson M.J., Pevzner P.A. Short read fragment assembly of bacterial genomes. Genome Res. 2008; 18(2):324–30. DOI: 10.1101/gr.7088808.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bankevich A., Nurk S., Antipov D., Gurevich A.A., Dvorkin M., Kulikov A.S., Lesin V.M., Nikolenko S.I., Pham S., Prjibelski A.D., Pyshkin A.V., Sirotkin A.V., Vyahhi N., Tesler G., Alekseyev M.A., Pevzner P.A. SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J. Comput. Biol. 2012; 19(5):455–77. DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2012.0021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bankevich A., Nurk S., Antipov D., Gurevich A.A., Dvorkin M., Kulikov A.S., Lesin V.M., Nikolenko S.I., Pham S., Prjibelski A.D., Pyshkin A.V., Sirotkin A.V., Vyahhi N., Tesler G., Alekseyev M.A., Pevzner P.A. SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J. Comput. Biol. 2012; 19(5):455–77. DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2012.0021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tatusova T., DiCuccio M., Badretdin A., Chetvernin V., Nawrocki E.P., Zaslavsky L., Lomsadze A., Pruitt K.D., Borodovsky M., Ostell J. NCBI prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016; 44(14):6614–24. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw569.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tatusova T., DiCuccio M., Badretdin A., Chetvernin V., Nawrocki E.P., Zaslavsky L., Lomsadze A., Pruitt K.D., Borodovsky M., Ostell J. NCBI prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016; 44(14):6614–24. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw569.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waterhouse A., Bertoni M., Bienert S., Studer G., Tauriello G., Gumienny R., Heer F.T., de Beer T.A.P., Rempfer C., Bordoli L., Lepore R., Schwede T. SWISS-MODEL: homology modelling of protein structures and complexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018; 46(W1):W296–W303. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky427.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waterhouse A., Bertoni M., Bienert S., Studer G., Tauriello G., Gumienny R., Heer F.T., de Beer T.A.P., Rempfer C., Bordoli L., Lepore R., Schwede T. SWISS-MODEL: homology modelling of protein structures and complexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018; 46(W1):W296–W303. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky427.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Podnecky N.L., Rhodes K.A., Schweizer H.P. Efflux pumpmediated drug resistance in Burkholderia. Front. Microbiol. 2015; 6:305. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00305.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Podnecky N.L., Rhodes K.A., Schweizer H.P. Efflux pumpmediated drug resistance in Burkholderia. Front. Microbiol. 2015; 6:305. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00305.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chan Y.Y., Tan T.M., Ong Y.M., Chua K.L. BpeAB OprB, a multidrug efflux pump in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2004; 48(4):1128–35. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.48.4.1128-1135.2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chan Y.Y., Tan T.M., Ong Y.M., Chua K.L. BpeAB OprB, a multidrug efflux pump in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2004; 48(4):1128–35. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.48.4.1128-1135.2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Podnecky N.L., Wuthiekanun V., Peacock S.J., Schweizer H.P. The BpeEF-OprC efflux pump is responsible for widespread trimethoprim resistance in clinical and environmental Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2013; 57(9):4381–6. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00660-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Podnecky N.L., Wuthiekanun V., Peacock S.J., Schweizer H.P. The BpeEF-OprC efflux pump is responsible for widespread trimethoprim resistance in clinical and environmental Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2013; 57(9):4381–6. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00660-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nehme D., Li X.Z., Elliot R., Poole K. Assembly of the MexAB-OprM multidrug efflux system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: identification and characterization of mutations in mexA compromising MexA multimerization and interaction with MexB. J. Bacteriol. 2004; 186(10):2973–83. DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.10.2973-2983.2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nehme D., Li X.Z., Elliot R., Poole K. Assembly of the MexAB-OprM multidrug efflux system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: identification and characterization of mutations in mexA compromising MexA multimerization and interaction with MexB. J. Bacteriol. 2004; 186(10):2973–83. DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.10.2973-2983.2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mima T., Schweizer H.P. The BpeAB-OprB efflux pump of Burkholderia pseudomallei 1026b does not play a role in quorum sensing, virulence factor production, or extrusion of aminoglycosides but is a broad-spectrum drug efflux system. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010; 54(8):3113–20. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01803-09.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mima T., Schweizer H.P. The BpeAB-OprB efflux pump of Burkholderia pseudomallei 1026b does not play a role in quorum sensing, virulence factor production, or extrusion of aminoglycosides but is a broad-spectrum drug efflux system. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010; 54(8):3113–20. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01803-09.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosenberg E.Y., Ma D., Nikaido H. AcrD of Escherichia coli is an aminoglycoside efflux pump. J. Bacteriol. 2000; 182(6):1754–6. DOI: 10.1128/JB.182.6.1754-1756.2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosenberg E.Y., Ma D., Nikaido H. AcrD of Escherichia coli is an aminoglycoside efflux pump. J. Bacteriol. 2000; 182(6):1754–6. DOI: 10.1128/JB.182.6.1754-1756.2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
