microbeПроблемы особо опасных инфекцийProblems of Particularly Dangerous Infections0370-10692658-719XRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”10.21055/0370-1069-2023-1-48-55microbe-1789Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSОбзор эпизоотологической ситуации по высокопатогенному гриппу птиц в России и мире в 2022 г.Review on the Epizootiological Situation on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza around the World and in Russia in 2022https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1339-6732МарченкоВ. Ю.MarchenkoV. Yu.

Марченко Василий Юрьевич

Российская Федерация, 630559, Новосибирская обл., р.п. Кольцово

Vasily Yu. Marchenko

Kol’tsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russian Federation

marchenko_vyu@vector.nsc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4573-5783СвятченкоС. В.SvyatchenkoS. V.

Российская Федерация, 630559, Новосибирская обл., р.п. Кольцово

Kol’tsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russian Federation

vector@vector.nsc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1547-1708ОнхоноваГ. С.OnkhonovaG. S.

Российская Федерация, 630559, Новосибирская обл., р.п. Кольцово

Kol’tsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russian Federation

vector@vector.nsc.ruГончароваН. И.GoncharovaN. I.

Российская Федерация, 630559, Новосибирская обл., р.п. Кольцово

Kol’tsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russian Federation

vector@vector.nsc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7009-0748РыжиковА. Б.RyzhikovA. B.

Российская Федерация, 630559, Новосибирская обл., р.п. Кольцово

Kol’tsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russian Federation

vector@vector.nsc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-281XМаксютовР. А.MaksyutovR. A.

Российская Федерация, 630559, Новосибирская обл., р.п. Кольцово

Kol’tsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russian Federation

vector@vector.nsc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7118-5749ГавриловаЕ. В.GavrilovaE. V.

Российская Федерация, 630559, Новосибирская обл., р.п. Кольцово

Kol’tsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russian Federation

vector@vector.nsc.ruФБУН «Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор»РоссияState Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”Russian Federation202328042023014855Copyright © Марченко В.Ю., Святченко С.В., Онхонова Г.С., Гончарова Н.И., Рыжиков А.Б., Максютов Р.А., Гаврилова Е.В., 20232023Марченко В.Ю., Святченко С.В., Онхонова Г.С., Гончарова Н.И., Рыжиков А.Б., Максютов Р.А., Гаврилова Е.В.Marchenko V.Y., Svyatchenko S.V., Onkhonova G.S., Goncharova N.I., Ryzhikov A.B., Maksyutov R.A., Gavrilova E.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1789

В статье рассмотрена современная ситуация по вызванному высокопатогенным вирусом гриппу птиц в 2022 г. и сделан прогноз возможного дальнейшего распространения вирусов на территории России. В 2022 г. в мире отмечена циркуляция широкого разнообразия вариантов вируса, имеющих важное эпизоотологическое и эпидемиологическое значение. Вспышки вызванного высокопатогенным вирусом гриппа птиц зарегистрированы более чем в 60 странах. Помимо этого, зафиксированы случаи инфицирования людей вирусами гриппа подтипов A(H5Nx) и A(H9N2). В России в 2022 г. зарегистрирована эпизоотия, которая затронула более 10 регионов европейской части и Дальнего Востока. Вспышки среди диких и домашних птиц были вызваны высокопатогенным вариантом вируса гриппа A(H5N1) клады 2.3.4.4b, при этом среди циркулирующих на территории России вирусов выявлено генетическое и антигенное разнообразие. Таким образом, в очередной раз показана важная географическая роль территории России в глобальном распространении вируса гриппа птиц, что подчеркивает важность постоянного его мониторинга на территории нашей страны.

This paper describes the current situation on highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in 2022 and provides forecast of the possible further spread of avian influenza in Russia. In 2022, the circulation of a wide variety of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtypes, which have epizootiological and epidemiological significance, was recorded in the world. Outbreaks caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus were reported in over 60 countries. In addition, human infections with influenza viruses of the A(H5Nx) and A(H9N2) subtypes were registered. There was a large-scale epizootic which affected more than 10 regions of the European part of Russia and the Russian Far East in 2022. Outbreaks among wild birds and poultry were caused by the highly pathogenic influenza virus A(H5N1) of the clade 2.3.4.4b, at the same time genetic and antigenic diversity was observed among viruses circulating in Russia. Thus, an essential geographical role of the territory of Russia in the global spread of avian influenza virus has been shown once again, which highlights the importance of continuous avian influenza virus surveillance in the country.

вирус гриппа птицмониторингэпизоотиявспышкиH5N1Россияavian influenza virussurveillanceepizootyoutbreaksH5N1RussiaИсследование проводилось в рамках выполнения государственного задания ФБУН Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора «Мониторинг вируса гриппа птиц и животных».ReferencesThe International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Virus Taxonomy: 2021 Release. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: https://ictv.global/taxonomy.The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Virus Taxonomy: 2021 Release. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: https://ictv.global/taxonomy.Sreenivasan C.C., Thomas M., Kaushik R.S., Wang D., Li F. Influenza A in bovine species: a narrative literature review. Viruses. 2019; 11(6):561. DOI: 10.3390/v11060561.Sreenivasan C.C., Thomas M., Kaushik R.S., Wang D., Li F. Influenza A in bovine species: a narrative literature review. Viruses. 2019; 11(6):561. DOI: 10.3390/v11060561.Osterhaus A.D., Rimmelzwaan G.F., Martina B.E., Bestebroer T.M., Fouchier R.A. Influenza B virus in seals. Science. 2000; 288(5468):1051–3. DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5468.1051.Osterhaus A.D., Rimmelzwaan G.F., Martina B.E., Bestebroer T.M., Fouchier R.A. Influenza B virus in seals. Science. 2000; 288(5468):1051–3. DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5468.1051.Hause B.M., Collin E.A., Liu R., Huang B., Sheng Z., Lu W., Wang D., Nelson E.A., Li F. Characterization of a novel influenza virus in cattle and Swine: proposal for a new genus in the Orthomyxoviridae family. mBio. 2014; 5(2):e00031-14. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00031-14.Hause B.M., Collin E.A., Liu R., Huang B., Sheng Z., Lu W., Wang D., Nelson E.A., Li F. Characterization of a novel influenza virus in cattle and Swine: proposal for a new genus in the Orthomyxoviridae family. mBio. 2014; 5(2):e00031-14. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00031-14.Collin E.A., Sheng Z., Lang Y., Ma W., Hause B.M., Li F. Cocirculation of two distinct genetic and antigenic lineages of proposed influenza D virus in cattle. J. Virol. 2015; 89(2):1036–42. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02718-14.Collin E.A., Sheng Z., Lang Y., Ma W., Hause B.M., Li F. Cocirculation of two distinct genetic and antigenic lineages of proposed influenza D virus in cattle. J. Virol. 2015; 89(2):1036–42. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02718-14.Tong S., Li Y., Rivailler P., Conrardy C., Castillo D.A., Chen L.M., Recuenco S., Ellison J.A., Davis C.T., York I.A., Turmelle A.S., Moran D., Rogers S., Shi M., Tao Y., Weil M.R., Tang K., Rowe L.A., Sammons S., Xu X., Frace M., Lindblade K.A., Cox N.J., Anderson L.J., Rupprecht C.E., Donis R.O. A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2012; 109(11):4269–74. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1116200109.Tong S., Li Y., Rivailler P., Conrardy C., Castillo D.A., Chen L.M., Recuenco S., Ellison J.A., Davis C.T., York I.A., Turmelle A.S., Moran D., Rogers S., Shi M., Tao Y., Weil M.R., Tang K., Rowe L.A., Sammons S., Xu X., Frace M., Lindblade K.A., Cox N.J., Anderson L.J., Rupprecht C.E., Donis R.O. A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2012; 109(11):4269–74. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1116200109.Tong S., Zhu X., Li Y., Shi M., Zhang J., Bourgeois M., Yang H., Chen X., Recuenco S., Gomez J., Chen L.M., Johnson A., Tao Y., Dreyfus C., Yu W., McBride R., Carney P.J., Gilbert A.T., Chang J., Guo Z., Davis C.T., Paulson J.C., Stevens J., Rupprecht C.E., Holmes E.C., Wilson I.A., Donis R.O. New world bats harbor diverse influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9(10):e1003657. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003657.Tong S., Zhu X., Li Y., Shi M., Zhang J., Bourgeois M., Yang H., Chen X., Recuenco S., Gomez J., Chen L.M., Johnson A., Tao Y., Dreyfus C., Yu W., McBride R., Carney P.J., Gilbert A.T., Chang J., Guo Z., Davis C.T., Paulson J.C., Stevens J., Rupprecht C.E., Holmes E.C., Wilson I.A., Donis R.O. New world bats harbor diverse influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9(10):e1003657. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003657.Webster R.G., Bean W.J., Gorman O.T., Chambers T.M., Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol. Rev. 1992; 56(1):152–79. DOI: 10.1128/mr.56.1.152-179.1992.Webster R.G., Bean W.J., Gorman O.T., Chambers T.M., Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol. Rev. 1992; 56(1):152–79. DOI: 10.1128/mr.56.1.152-179.1992.Olsen B., Munster V.J., Wallensten A., Waldenström J., Osterhaus A.D., Fouchier R.A. Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. Science. 2006; 312(5772):384–8. DOI: 10.1126/science.1122438.Olsen B., Munster V.J., Wallensten A., Waldenström J., Osterhaus A.D., Fouchier R.A. Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. Science. 2006; 312(5772):384–8. DOI: 10.1126/science.1122438.Alexander D.J. A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Vet. Microbiol. 2000; 74(1-2):3–13. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00160-7.Alexander D.J. A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Vet. Microbiol. 2000; 74(1-2):3–13. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00160-7.Yoon S.W., Webby R.J., Webster R.G. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2014; 385:359–75. DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_396.Yoon S.W., Webby R.J., Webster R.G. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2014; 385:359–75. DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_396.WHO/OIE/FAO H5N1 Evolution Working Group. Toward a unified nomenclature system for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1). Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008; 14(7):e1. DOI: 10.3201/eid1407.071681.WHO/OIE/FAO H5N1 Evolution Working Group. Toward a unified nomenclature system for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1). Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008; 14(7):e1. DOI: 10.3201/eid1407.071681.World Health Organization. Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003–2023, 5 January 2023. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/cumulative-numberof-confirmed-human-cases-for-avian-influenza-a(h5n1)-reported-towho-2003-2022-5-jan-2023.World Health Organization. Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003–2023, 5 January 2023. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/cumulative-numberof-confirmed-human-cases-for-avian-influenza-a(h5n1)-reported-towho-2003-2022-5-jan-2023.World Health Organization. Avian Influenza Weekly Update Number 883. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/wpro---documents/emergency/surveillance/avian-influenza/ai_20230217.pdf?sfvrsn=22ea0816_24#:~:text=To%20date%2C%20a%20total%20of,Western%20Pacific%20Region%20since%202014.World Health Organization. Avian Influenza Weekly Update Number 883. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/wpro---documents/emergency/surveillance/avian-influenza/ai_20230217.pdf?sfvrsn=22ea0816_24#:~:text=To%20date%2C%20a%20total%20of,Western%20Pacific%20Region%20since%202014.European Food Safety Authority; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza; Adlhoch C., Fusaro A., Gonzales J.L., Kuiken T., Marangon S., Niqueux É., Staubach C., Terregino C., Guajardo I.M., Chuzhakina K., Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview June – September 2022. EFSA J. 2022; 20(10):e07597. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7597.European Food Safety Authority; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza; Adlhoch C., Fusaro A., Gonzales J.L., Kuiken T., Marangon S., Niqueux É., Staubach C., Terregino C., Guajardo I.M., Chuzhakina K., Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview June – September 2022. EFSA J. 2022; 20(10):e07597. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7597.Oliver I., Roberts J., Brown C.S., Byrne A.M., Mellon D., Hansen R., Banyard A.C., James J., Donati M., Porter R., Ellis J., Cogdale J., Lackenby A., Chand M., Dabrera G., Brown I.H., Zambon M. A case of avian influenza A(H5N1) in England, January 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022; 27(5):2200061. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.5.2200061.Oliver I., Roberts J., Brown C.S., Byrne A.M., Mellon D., Hansen R., Banyard A.C., James J., Donati M., Porter R., Ellis J., Cogdale J., Lackenby A., Chand M., Dabrera G., Brown I.H., Zambon M. A case of avian influenza A(H5N1) in England, January 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022; 27(5):2200061. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.5.2200061.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Case of Human Avian Influenza A(H5) Virus Reported. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/s0428-avian-flu.html.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Case of Human Avian Influenza A(H5) Virus Reported. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/s0428-avian-flu.html.World Health Organization. Avian Influenza A (H5N1) – Spain. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON420 (Cited 28 Feb 2023).World Health Organization. Avian Influenza A (H5N1) – Spain. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON420 (Cited 28 Feb 2023).European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza; Adlhoch C., Fusaro A., Gonzales J.L., Kuiken T., Marangon S., Niqueux É., Staubach C., Terregino C., Aznar I., Guajardo I.M., Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview September – December 2022. EFSA J. 2023; 21(1):e07786. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7786.European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza; Adlhoch C., Fusaro A., Gonzales J.L., Kuiken T., Marangon S., Niqueux É., Staubach C., Terregino C., Aznar I., Guajardo I.M., Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview September – December 2022. EFSA J. 2023; 21(1):e07786. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7786.World Health Organization (WHO). Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness. September 2022. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenzarecommendations/vcm-southern-hemisphere-recommendation-2023/202209_zoonotic_vaccinvirusupdate.pdf?sfvrsn=a91f123b_7.World Health Organization (WHO). Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness. September 2022. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenzarecommendations/vcm-southern-hemisphere-recommendation-2023/202209_zoonotic_vaccinvirusupdate.pdf?sfvrsn=a91f123b_7.World Health Organization (WHO). Genetic and antigenic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness. February 2023. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenzarecommendations/vcm-northern-hemisphere-recommendation-2023-2024/20230224_zoonotic_recommendations.pdf?sfvrsn=38c739fa_4.World Health Organization (WHO). Genetic and antigenic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness. February 2023. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenzarecommendations/vcm-northern-hemisphere-recommendation-2023-2024/20230224_zoonotic_recommendations.pdf?sfvrsn=38c739fa_4.European Food Safety Authority; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza; Adlhoch C., Fusaro A., Gonzales J.L., Kuiken T., Marangon S., Niqueux É., Staubach C., Terregino C., Aznar I., Muñoz Guajardo I., Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview December 2021 – March 2022. EFSA J. 2022; 20(4):e07289. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7289.European Food Safety Authority; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza; Adlhoch C., Fusaro A., Gonzales J.L., Kuiken T., Marangon S., Niqueux É., Staubach C., Terregino C., Aznar I., Muñoz Guajardo I., Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview December 2021 – March 2022. EFSA J. 2022; 20(4):e07289. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7289.European Food Safety Authority; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza; Adlhoch C., Fusaro A., Gonzales J.L., Kuiken T., Marangon S., Niqueux É., Staubach C., Terregino C., Aznar I., Guajardo I.M., Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview March – June 2022. EFSA J. 2022; 20(8):e07415. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7415.European Food Safety Authority; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza; Adlhoch C., Fusaro A., Gonzales J.L., Kuiken T., Marangon S., Niqueux É., Staubach C., Terregino C., Aznar I., Guajardo I.M., Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview March – June 2022. EFSA J. 2022; 20(8):e07415. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7415.Manzoor R., Sakoda Y., Nomura N., Tsuda Y., Ozaki H., Okamatsu M., Kida H. PB2 protein of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strain A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/2004 (H5N1) determines its replication potential in pigs. J. Virol. 2009; 83(4):1572–8. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01879-08.Manzoor R., Sakoda Y., Nomura N., Tsuda Y., Ozaki H., Okamatsu M., Kida H. PB2 protein of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strain A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/2004 (H5N1) determines its replication potential in pigs. J. Virol. 2009; 83(4):1572–8. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01879-08.Kim J.H., Hatta M., Watanabe S., Neumann G., Watanabe T., Kawaoka Y. Role of host-specific amino acids in the pathogenicity of avian H5N1 influenza viruses in mice. J. Gen. Virol. 2010; 91(Pt. 5):1284–9. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.018143-0.Kim J.H., Hatta M., Watanabe S., Neumann G., Watanabe T., Kawaoka Y. Role of host-specific amino acids in the pathogenicity of avian H5N1 influenza viruses in mice. J. Gen. Virol. 2010; 91(Pt. 5):1284–9. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.018143-0.Herfst S., Schrauwen E.J., Linster M., Chutinimitkul S., de Wit E., Munster V.J., Sorrell E.M., Bestebroer T.M., Burke D.F., Smith D.J., Rimmelzwaan G.F., Osterhaus A.D., Fouchier R.A. Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science. 2012; 336(6088):1534–41. DOI: 10.1126/science.1213362.Herfst S., Schrauwen E.J., Linster M., Chutinimitkul S., de Wit E., Munster V.J., Sorrell E.M., Bestebroer T.M., Burke D.F., Smith D.J., Rimmelzwaan G.F., Osterhaus A.D., Fouchier R.A. Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science. 2012; 336(6088):1534–41. DOI: 10.1126/science.1213362.Suttie A., Deng Y.M., Greenhill A.R., Dussart P., Horwood P.F., Karlsson E.A. Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes. 2019; 55(6):739–68. DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z.Suttie A., Deng Y.M., Greenhill A.R., Dussart P., Horwood P.F., Karlsson E.A. Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes. 2019; 55(6):739–68. DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z.Agüero M., Monne I., Sánchez A., Zecchin B., Fusaro A., Ruano M.J., Del Valle Arrojo M., Fernández-Antonio R., Souto A.M., Tordable P., Cañás J., Bonfante F., Giussani E., Terregino C., Orejas J.J. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022. Euro Surveill. 2023; 28(3):2300001. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.3.2300001.Agüero M., Monne I., Sánchez A., Zecchin B., Fusaro A., Ruano M.J., Del Valle Arrojo M., Fernández-Antonio R., Souto A.M., Tordable P., Cañás J., Bonfante F., Giussani E., Terregino C., Orejas J.J. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022. Euro Surveill. 2023; 28(3):2300001. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.3.2300001.Lycett S.J., Duchatel F., Digard P. A brief history of bird flu. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2019; 374(1775):20180257. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0257.Lycett S.J., Duchatel F., Digard P. A brief history of bird flu. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2019; 374(1775):20180257. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0257.Veen J., Yurlov A.K., Delany S.N., Mihantiev A.I., Selivanova M.A., Boere G.C. An Atlas of Movements of Southwest Siberian Waterbirds. Wetlands International; 2005. 60 p. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: http://gull-research.org/papers/articles09/atlas_SE_siberinan_waterbirds_2.pdf.Veen J., Yurlov A.K., Delany S.N., Mihantiev A.I., Selivanova M.A., Boere G.C. An Atlas of Movements of Southwest Siberian Waterbirds. Wetlands International; 2005. 60 p. (Cited 28 Feb 2023). [Internet]. Available from: http://gull-research.org/papers/articles09/atlas_SE_siberinan_waterbirds_2.pdf.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.