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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2023-1-56-66</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-1790</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Холера: анализ и оценка эпидемиологической обстановки в мире и России. Прогноз на 2023 г.</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cholera: Analysis and Assessment of Epidemiological Situation around the World and in Russia (2013–2022). Forecast for 2023</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0550-2221</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Носков</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Noskov</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>17/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">plague@aaanet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6540-2778</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кругликов</surname><given-names>В. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruglikov</surname><given-names>V. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кругликов Владимир Дмитриевич</p><p>Российская Федерация, 344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir D. Kruglikov</p><p>17/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vdkru58@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5020-1466</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Москвитина</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moskvitina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>17/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">plague@aaanet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-6442</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миронова</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mironova</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 664047, Иркутск, ул. Трилиссера, 78</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>78, Trilissera St., Irkutsk, 664047, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9216-7777</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Монахова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Monakhova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>17/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">plague@aaanet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7571-7848</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соболева</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soboleva</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>17/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">plague@aaanet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-2878</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чемисова</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chemisova</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>17/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">plague@aaanet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-3231</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Водопьянов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vodop’yanov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>17/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">plague@aaanet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-3311</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лопатин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lopatin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 127490, Москва, ул. Мусоргского, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>4, Mussorgsky St., Moscow, 127490, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6999-1875</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 127490, Москва, ул. Мусоргского, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>4, Mussorgsky St., Moscow, 127490, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6003-4283</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меньшикова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Men’shikova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>17/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">plague@aaanet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9996-4189</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подойницына</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Podoynitsyna</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>17/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">plague@aaanet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-3313</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ежова</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ezhova</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>17/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">plague@aaanet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0087-9153</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евтеев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Evteev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>17/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">plague@aaanet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Ростовский-на-Дону научно-исследовательский противочумный институт»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Rostov-on-Don Research Anti-Plague Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Иркутский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт Сибири и Дальнего Востока»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute of Siberia and Far East</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Противочумный центр»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Plague Control Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>56</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Носков А.К., Кругликов В.Д., Москвитина Э.А., Миронова Л.В., Монахова Е.В., Соболева Е.Г., Чемисова О.С., Водопьянов А.С., Лопатин А.А., Иванова С.М., Меньшикова Е.А., Подойницына О.А., Ежова М.И., Евтеев А.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Носков А.К., Кругликов В.Д., Москвитина Э.А., Миронова Л.В., Монахова Е.В., Соболева Е.Г., Чемисова О.С., Водопьянов А.С., Лопатин А.А., Иванова С.М., Меньшикова Е.А., Подойницына О.А., Ежова М.И., Евтеев А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Noskov A.K., Kruglikov V.D., Moskvitina E.A., Mironova L.V., Monakhova E.V., Soboleva E.G., Chemisova O.S., Vodop’yanov A.S., Lopatin A.A., Ivanova S.M., Men’shikova E.A., Podoynitsyna O.A., Ezhova M.I., Evteev A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1790">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1790</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель обзора – проанализировать и оценить эпидемиологическую ситуацию по холере в мире и России в 2013–2022 гг. и дать прогноз на 2023 г. В период 2013–2022 гг. выявлено 500 пораженных холерой административных территорий в различных регионах 71 страны Азии, Африки и Америки (регион Карибского бассейна) с формированием 69 эндемичных очагов в 16, 41 и 12 странах соответственно. В 2022 г. зарегистрирован 1209301 случай холеры в 36 странах мира. Усилилась интенсивность эпидемического процесса в странах Азии (Сирия, Ливан). Сохранилась неблагополучная эпидемиологическая обстановка на Африканском континенте. Продолжались эпидемии и крупные вспышки, которые начались в 2021–2022 гг. в связи с чрезвычайными ситуациями (ЧС) социального и природного характера. Прогноз о стабильности эпидемиологической ситуации по холере на территориях субъектов РФ, данный на 2022 г., подтвердился. В 2022 г. из водных объектов окружающей среды (ООС) выделено 43 нетоксигенных штамма Vibrio cholerae О1, от людей – 8 штаммов V. cholerae nonO1/nonO139. Показано сходство указанных штаммов с генетически близкородственными штаммами, выделенными в ходе мониторинга в предшествующие годы в России, Донецкой Народной Республике (ДНР) и Запорожской области. В 2023 г. сохранятся риски завоза инфекции на территорию РФ, связанные с активизацией эпидемического процесса в странах Азии, Африки и регионе Карибского бассейна. Повышению степени рисков способствует протяженная граница с Украиной, куда вероятен завоз холеры из эндемичных стран. Не исключается и биотерроризм. Последствия возможного эпидосложнения по холере в ДНР , Луганской Народной Республике, Запорожской и Херсонской областях усугубляются ЧС , приводящей к нарушению инфраструктуры, перебоям водоснабжения и др. При отсутствии реализации рисков завоза этой инфекции на территории РФ будет сохраняться стабильная эпидемиологическая обстановка по холере. Прогнозируется обнаружение в водных ООС нетоксигенных штаммов холерных вибрионов О1-серогруппы (не исключая вероятность формирования клональных комплексов), а также штаммов nonО1/nonО139, которые могут явиться этиологическим фактором спорадических случаев или вспышек диарейных заболеваний.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the review was to analyze and assess the epidemiological situation on cholera in the world and Russia in 2013–2022 and to make a forecast for 2023. Over the period of 2013–2022, 500 administrative territories affected by cholera were identified in various regions of 71 countries of Asia, Africa and America (the Caribbean region) with formation of 69 endemic foci in 16, 41 and 12 countries, respectively. In 2022, 1 209 301 cases of cholera were registered in 36 countries of the world. The intensity of epidemic process in Asian countries (Syria, Lebanon) increased. Unfavorable epidemiological situation on the African continent persisted. Epidemics and large outbreaks, which began in 2021–2022 due to emergency situations (ES) of social and natural character, continued. The prediction of the stability of the epidemiological situation on cholera in the territories of constituent entities of the Russian Federation (RF), given for 2022, has been confirmed. In 2022, 43 non-toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae О1 were isolated from surface water bodies, 8 V. cholerae nonO1/nonO139 strains – from humans. Similarity of those strains with genetically closely related ones isolated in the course of monitoring in previous years in Russia, Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) and Zaporozhye Region was demonstrated. In 2023, the risks of importation of the infection into RF are retained. It is associated with the intensification of epidemic processes in Asian, African and Caribbean region countries. The extended border with Ukraine, to where importation of cholera from endemic countries is possible, contributes to increased degree of threat. Bioterrorism is also not excluded. The consequences of a possible cholera epidemic complication in DPR, Lugansk People’s Republic, Zaporozhye and Kherson Regions are exacerbated by social emergencies resulting in disruption of infrastructure, interruptions in water supply, etc. In the absence of implementation of the risks of importation of this infection on the territory of RF, a stable epidemiological situation on cholera will be retained. Detection of non-toxigenic V. cholerae O1 strains (including probability of clonal complexes formation), as well as strains of non-O1/non-O139 serogroups, which can be etiological factors of sporadic cases or outbreaks of diarrheal diseases, in surface water bodies is predicted.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>холера</kwd><kwd>эпидемический процесс</kwd><kwd>Vibrio cholerae О1</kwd><kwd>nonO1/nonO139</kwd><kwd>эпидемиологическая обстановка</kwd><kwd>нетоксигенные штаммы</kwd><kwd>генотипирование</kwd><kwd>филогенетические связи</kwd><kwd>прогноз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cholera</kwd><kwd>epidemic process</kwd><kwd>Vibrio cholerae O1 and nonO1/nonO139</kwd><kwd>epidemiological situation</kwd><kwd>nontoxigenic strains</kwd><kwd>genotyping</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic relations</kwd><kwd>forecast</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Носков А.К., Кругликов В.Д., Москвитина Э.А., Монахова Е.В., Миронова Л.В., Крицкий А.А., Лопатин А.А., Чемисова О.С., Соболева Е.Г., Иванова С.М., Водопьянов А.С., Стенина С.И., Писанов Р.В., Левченко Д.А., Подойницына О.А., Непомнящая Н.Б., Ежова М.И. 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Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syria-cholera-dg-echo-partners-who-moh-syria-nes-forum-echodaily-flash-12-september-2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Education Cannot Wait Announces US$1.5 Million Grant to Slow the Spread of Cholera in Schools in Syria, ECW Funding in Syria Totals US$50 Million. Source Education Cannot Wait. Posted 25 Dec 2022 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/education-cannot-wait-announces-us15-million-grant-slow-spread-cholera-schools-syria-ecw-funding-syriatotals-us50-million (дата обращения 26.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Education Cannot Wait Announces US$1.5 Million Grant to Slow the Spread of Cholera in Schools in Syria, ECW Funding in Syria Totals US$50 Million. Source Education Cannot Wait. Posted 25 Dec 2022. (Cited 26 Dec 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/education-cannot-waitannounces-us15-million-grant-slow-spread-cholera-schools-syriaecw-funding-syria-totals-us50-million.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crisis fatigue not an option as global hunger crisis deepens, the International Red Cross Red Crescent Movement warns. Sources ICRC, IFRC. Posted 13 Sep 2022 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/crisis-fatigue-not-optionglobal-hunger-crisis-deepens-international-red-cross-red-crescentmovement-warns (дата обращения 14.09.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crisis fatigue not an option as global hunger crisis deepens, the International Red Cross Red Crescent Movement warns. Sources ICRC, IFRC. Posted 13 Sep 2022. (Cited 14 Sep 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/crisis-fatigue-notoption-global-hunger-crisis-deepens-international-red-cross-redcrescent-movement-warns.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Syria. Syria Humanitarian Fund: Allocation Strategy Paper - 2022 1st Reserve Allocation. Format Manual and Guideline. Source OCHA. Posted 11 Oct 2022 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syria-humanitarian-fundallocation-strategy-paper-2022-1st-reserve-allocation (дата обращения 12.10.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Syria. Syria Humanitarian Fund: Allocation Strategy Paper – 2022 1st Reserve Allocation. Format Manual and Guideline. Source OCHA. Posted 11 Oct 2022. (Cited 12 Oct 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syria-humanitarian-fund-allocation-strategy-paper-2022-1st-reserve-allocation.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения объявило о регистрации первого случая заболевания холерой в Akkar. Источник: Министерство общественного здравоохранения Ливанской Республики. Дата: 2022/10/06 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.moph.gov.lb/ar/Media/view/64430/1 (дата обращения 06.10.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[The Ministry of Health announced the registration of the first case of cholera in Akkar. Source: Ministry of Public Health of the Lebanese Republic]. Date: 2022/10/06/. (Cited 6 Oct 2022). [Internet]. 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