<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2023-1-75-84</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-1792</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Лихорадка Западного Нила в Российской Федерации в 2022 г., прогноз заболеваемости на 2023 г.</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>West Nile Fever in the Russian Federation in 2022, the Incidence Forecast for 2023</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9368-6165</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Путинцева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Putintseva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Путинцева Елена Викторовна</p><p>Российская Федерация, 400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Putintseva</p><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8682-1536</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Удовиченко</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Udovichenko</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6940-0350</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2076-5276</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бородай</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boroday</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9510-7246</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Батурин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baturin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1910-3731</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мачнева</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Machneva</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9342-7211</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7689-3421</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зарубин</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zarubin</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-4657</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топорков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Toporkov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7, Golubinskaya St., Volgograd, 400131, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vari2@sprint-v.com.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Волгоградский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Volgograd Research Anti-Plague Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>84</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Путинцева Е.В., Удовиченко С.К., Никитин Д.Н., Бородай Н.В., Батурин А.А., Мачнева А.Ю., Антонов А.С., Зарубин Н.А., Топорков А.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Путинцева Е.В., Удовиченко С.К., Никитин Д.Н., Бородай Н.В., Батурин А.А., Мачнева А.Ю., Антонов А.С., Зарубин Н.А., Топорков А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Putintseva E.V., Udovichenko S.K., Nikitin D.N., Boroday N.V., Baturin A.A., Machneva A.Y., Antonov A.S., Zarubin N.A., Toporkov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1792">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1792</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре представлен анализ эпидемиологической ситуации по лихорадке Западного Нила (ЛЗН ) в Российской Федерации в 2022 г. и обобщены результаты мониторинга за возбудителем. Определены следующие особенности эпидемического процесса ЛЗН в России: снижение (в 4 раза) заболеваемости относительно среднемноголетних значений при чрезвычайно экстенсивном характере проявлений (16 субъектов в 6 федеральных округах), в том числе с выявлением местных случаев на 5 новых территориях (Тверская, Тамбовская, Владимирская области, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ и Карачаево-Черкесская Республика), преимущественная регистрация заболеваемости в Центральном федеральном округе (51 %), раннее начало и окончание эпидемического сезона. В структуре заболеваемости отмечено снижение доли нейроинвазивных форм, преобладание удельного веса лиц женского пола и возрастной группы «60 лет и старше», а также рекордные значения показателя заразившихся по месту проживания в городах, что связано с особенностями выявления случаев, а именно проведением скрининговых обследований Референс-центром в группе лихорадящих пациентов стационаров, по результатам которых диагностировано 60 % от всех зарегистрированных больных ЛЗН в России. Мониторинговыми исследованиями Референс-центра на территории субъектов Центрального, Южного и Северо-Кавказского федеральных округов подтверждена интенсивная циркуляция возбудителя. Низкий уровень официально зарегистрированной заболеваемости обусловлен недостаточно эффективным выявлением больных. Молекулярно-генетические исследования показали, что на территории европейской части России как в эпизоотическом, так и в эпидемическом циклах циркулировал вирус Западного Нила 2-го генотипа. Посредством филогенетического анализа установлена принадлежность 4 изолятов вируса Западного Нила, выделенных в Астраханской, Волгоградской областях, Республике Калмыкия и Ставропольском крае в 2022 г., к новому геноварианту 2-го генотипа, впервые выявленному в России в 2021 г. Прогнозируется возможное осложнение эпидемиологической обстановки во всех федеральных округах центра и юга европейской части России.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review presents an analysis of West Nile fever (WNF) epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation in 2022 and the summarized results of monitoring over the pathogen. The following features of the WNF epidemic process in Russia are outlined: the decrease (by 4 times) in the incidence rates compared to the long-term average values against an extremely extensive nature of manifestations (16 constituent entities in 6 federal districts), including the detection of local cases in 5 new territories (Tver, Tambov, Vladimir Regions, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District, and Karachay-Cherkess Republic), predominant registration of incidence in the Central Federal District (51 %), early start and termination of the epidemic season. There is a decrease in the proportion of neuroinvasive forms in the structure of incidence, prevalence of females and the age group of “60 years and over”, as well as record rate values of people infected at the place of residence in cities, which is associated with the peculiarities of case detection, namely, screening examinations of febrile patients in hospitals by efforts of the Reference Center, according to the results of which 60 % of all registered patients with WNF in Russia were diagnosed. Monitoring studies of the Reference Center in the territory of the Central, Southern and North-Caucasian Federal Districts confirmed the intensive circulation of the pathogen. The low level of officially registered incidence is caused by insufficiently effective identification of patients. Molecular genetic studies have shown that West Nile virus lineage 2 circulated in the European part of Russia, both in epizootic and epidemic cycles. Phylogenetic analysis has revealed that 4 West Nile virus isolates found in Astrakhan, Volgograd Regions, the Republic of Kalmykia and Stavropol Territory in 2022 belong to a new genovariant of the genotype 2, first identified in Russia in 2021. Possible complication of the epidemiological situation in all federal districts of the center and south of the European part of Russia is predicted.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лихорадка Западного Нила</kwd><kwd>вирус Западного Нила</kwd><kwd>эпидемиологическая ситуация</kwd><kwd>мониторинг за возбудителем</kwd><kwd>прогноз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>West Nile fever</kwd><kwd>West Nile virus</kwd><kwd>epidemiological situation</kwd><kwd>monitoring over the causative agent</kwd><kwd>prognosis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Выражаем благодарность руководителям и сотрудникам управлений Роспотребнадзора, центров гигиены и эпидемиологии субъектов Российской Федерации, а также противочумных институтов и противочумных станций Роспотребнадзора, предоставивших данные для проведения эпидемиологического анализа.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weekly updates: 2022 West Nile virus transmission season. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/westnile-fever/surveillance-and-disease-data/disease-data-ecdc (дата обращения 28.11.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weekly updates: 2022 West Nile virus transmission season. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). (Cited 28 Nov 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/west-nile-fever/surveillance-and-disease-data/disease-dataecdc (дата обращения 28.11.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Preliminary Maps &amp; Data for 2022. West Nile Virus Disease Cases by State 2022. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/preliminarymapsdata2022/disease-cases-state-2022.html (дата обращения 18.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Preliminary Maps &amp; Data for 2022. West Nile Virus Disease Cases by State 2022. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA. (Cited 18 Dec 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/preliminarymapsdata2022/disease-cases-state-2022.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">West Nile virus and other mosquito-borne diseases in Canada: Surveillance and monitoring. Government of Canada. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/publichealth/services/diseases/west-nile-virus/surveillance-west-nilevirus/west-nile-virus-weekly-surveillance-monitoring.html (дата обращения 17.11.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">West Nile virus and other mosquito-borne diseases in Canada: Surveillance and monitoring. Government of Canada. (Cited 17 Nov 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/west-nile-virus/surveillance-westnile-virus/west-nile-virus-weekly-surveillance-monitoring.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO Africa. Weekly bulletin on outbreaks and other emergencies. Week 37: 5-11 September 2022. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/362665/OEW37-0511092022.pdf (дата обращения 25.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO Africa. Weekly bulletin on outbreaks and other emergencies. Week 37: 5-11 September 2022. (Cited 25 Dec 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/362665/OEW37-0511092022.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chowdhury P., Khan S.A. Global emergence of West Nile virus: Threat &amp; preparedness in special perspective to India. Indian. J. Med. Res. 2021; 154(1):36–50. DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_642_19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chowdhury P., Khan S.A. Global emergence of West Nile virus: Threat &amp; preparedness in special perspective to India. Indian. J. Med. Res. 2021; 154(1):36–50. DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_642_19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Notifiable conditions annual reporting. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/clinical-practice/guidelines-procedures/diseases-infection/surveillance/reports/notifiable/annual (дата обращения 27.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Notifiable conditions annual reporting. (Cited 27 Dec 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/clinicalpractice/guidelines-procedures/diseases-infection/surveillance/reports/notifiable/annual.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бородай Н.В., Несговорова А.В., Фомина В.К., Мендыгалиева А.К., Батурин А.А., Антонов А.С., Авдюшева Е.Ф., Молчанова Е.В., Никитин Д.Н., Путинцева Е.В. Обнаружение вируса Западного Нила в зимующих комарах на территории Волгоградской области. Здоровье населения и среда обитания – ЗНиСО. 2022; 30(4):70–6. DOI: 10.35627/2219-5238/2022-30-4-70-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borodai N.V., Nesgovorova A.V., Fomina V.K., Mendygalieva A.K., Baturin A.A., Antonov A.S., Avdiusheva E.F., Molchanova E.V., Nikitin D.N., Putintseva E.V. [Detection of West Nile Virus in Overwintering Mosquitoes in the Volgograd Region]. Zdorov’e Naseleniya i Sreda Obitaniya – ZNiSO [Public Health and Life Environment – PH&amp;LE]. 2022; 30(4):70–6. DOI: 10.35627/2219-5238/2022-30-4-70-76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kampen H., Holicki C.M., Ziegler U., Groschup M.H., Tews B.A., Werner D. West Nile virus mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany. Viruses. 2020; 12(5):493. DOI: 10.3390/v12050493.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kampen H., Holicki C.M., Ziegler U., Groschup M.H., Tews B.A., Werner D. West Nile virus mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany. Viruses. 2020; 12(5):493. DOI: 10.3390/v12050493.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudolf I., Betášová L., Blažejová H., Venclíková K., Straková P., Šebesta O., Mendel J., Bakonyi T., Schaffner F., Nowotny N., Hubálek Z. West Nile virus in overwintering mosquitoes, central Europe. Parasit. Vectors. 2017; 10(1):452. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2399-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudolf I., Betášová L., Blažejová H., Venclíková K., Straková P., Šebesta O., Mendel J., Bakonyi T., Schaffner F., Nowotny N., Hubálek Z. West Nile virus in overwintering mosquitoes, central Europe. Parasit. Vectors. 2017; 10(1):452. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2399-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Εβδομαδιαία έκθεση επιδημιολογικής επιτήρησης της λοίμωξης από ιό του Δυτικού Νείλου σε ανθρώπους, Ελλάδα, 6 Δεκεμβρίου 2022. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://eody.gov.gr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/report_wnv_20221206_gr.pdf (дата обращения 29.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Εβδομαδιαία έκθεση επιδημιολογικής επιτήρησης της λοίμωξης από ιό του Δυτικού Νείλου σε ανθρώπους, Ελλάδα, 6 Δεκεμβρίου 2022. (Cited 29 Dec 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://eody.gov.gr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/report_wnv_20221206_gr.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">О перечне эндемичных территорий по клещевому вирусному энцефалиту в 2021 г. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/upload/iblock/65f/g8k6yvvcz02btozheswdbeaiy7c4d4qe/O-perechne-endemichnykhterr.-po-KVE-v-2021-g..pdf (дата обращения 05.11.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Regarding the list of endemic territories as regards tickborne viral encephalitis in 2021 (Cited 05 Nov 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/upload/iblock/65f/g8k6yvvcz02btozheswdbeaiy7c4d4qe/O-perechne-endemichnykhterr.-po-KVE-v-2021-g.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saitou N., Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1987; 4(4):406–25. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saitou N., Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1987; 4(4):406–25. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
