microbeПроблемы особо опасных инфекцийProblems of Particularly Dangerous Infections0370-10692658-719XRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”10.21055/0370-1069-2023-2-29-34microbe-1818Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSРоль везикул в транспорте холерного токсинаThe Role of Vesicles in Transporting of Cholera Toxinhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3100-0049ЗюзинаВ. П.ZyuzinaV. P.

344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40

117/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8159-7547ЯкушеваО. А.YakushevaO. A.

344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40

117/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9866-3579АлексееваЛ. П.AlekseevaL. P.

344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40

117/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5522-9097ЕвдокимоваВ. В.EvdokimovaV. V.

344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40

117/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002

nika_evd@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5598-5271 СимаковаД. И.SimakovaD. I.

344002, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. М. Горького, 117/40

117/40, M. Gor’kogo St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002

ФКУЗ «Ростовский-на-Дону научно-исследовательский противочумный институт»РоссияRostov-on-Don Research Anti-Plague InstituteRussian Federation202311072023022934Copyright © Зюзина В.П., Якушева О.А., Алексеева Л.П., Евдокимова В.В.,  Симакова Д.И., 20232023Зюзина В.П., Якушева О.А., Алексеева Л.П., Евдокимова В.В.,  Симакова Д.И.Zyuzina V.P., Yakusheva O.A., Alekseeva L.P., Evdokimova V.V., Simakova D.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1818

В обзоре освещены пути секреции основного фактора вирулентности холерного вибриона – холерного токсина – как через двухступенчатую Sec-зависимую систему секреции 2-го типа, так и с помощью везикул наружной мембраны Vibrio cholerae. Обсуждаются пути транспорта токсина в организм хозяина в зависимости от его формы. Хорошо изученный свободный холерный токсин секретируется внеклеточно и передается GM1-зависимым путем через богатые холестерином липидные рафты. Передача холерного токсина, связанного с везикулами, имеет преимущества по сравнению со свободным, так как вещества, находящиеся внутри везикул наружной мембраны, защищены от внешних протеаз и антител хозяина мембраной, формирующей везикулу. Везикулярный транспорт холерного токсина в клетку-мишень происходит по клатрин-зависимому и кавеолин-зависимому путям, а также посредством зависимого от липидных рафтов эндоцитоза, при этом конкретный путь определяется строением везикул. Клатрин-зависимый эндоцитоз описан для штаммов V. cholerae, культивируемых при низкой осмомолярности среды, везикулы наружной мембраны которых содержали внутри субъединицу А холерного токсина. Эндоцитоз, зависимый от липидных рафтов, характерен для везикул, у которых холерный токсин расположен на поверхности. Кроме того, описан эндоцитоз везикул наружной мембраны V. cholerae с помощью структур, известных как кавеолы. 

The review reports on the secretion pathways of the main virulence factor of Vibrio cholerae, cholera toxin, both through the two-stage Sec-dependent type 2 secretion system and with the help of vesicles of the outer membrane of V. cholerae. The ways of toxin transfer into the host organism, depending on its form, are discussed. The well-studied free soluble cholera toxin is secreted extracellularly and transmitted in a GM1-dependent manner through cholesterolrich lipid rafts. The transfer of cholera toxin associated with vesicles has advantages over free toxin, because substances inside the outer membrane vesicles are protected from external proteases and host antibodies by the membrane that forms the vesicle. Vesicular transporting of cholera toxin into the target cell occurs via clathrin-dependent, caveolin-dependent and lipid raft-dependent endocytosis. The specific transport route is determined by the structure of the vesicles. Clathrindependent endocytosis is described for V. cholerae strains cultivated at low osmolarity of the medium, whose outer membrane vesicles contain the cholera toxin subunit A inside. Lipid raft-dependent endocytosis is characteristic of vesicles in which cholera toxin is located on the surface. In addition, endocytosis of V. cholerae outer membrane vesicles through structures known as caveolae is presented.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.