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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2023-2-95-100</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-1824</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Холера и гибель древнейшей Индской цивилизации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cholera and the Death of the Ancient Indus Civilization</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1163-8419</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергиев</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergiev</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва, ул. Малая Пироговская, 20.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>20, Malaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v.sergiev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3788-3452</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутырев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutyrev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУН «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>95</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сергиев В.П., Кутырев В.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сергиев В.П., Кутырев В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sergiev V.P., Kutyrev V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1824">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1824</self-uri><abstract><p>Представлена гипотеза о том, что наиболее вероятной причиной гибели древнейшей мировой Индской (Хараппской) цивилизации стали эпидемии азиатской холеры. Дана краткая характеристика Индской цивилизации, существовавшей на протяжении двух тысячелетий (3300–1300 гг. до н.э.). Показано, что ранее описанные причины упадка успешной Индской цивилизации (изменение климата, обмеление Инда и сокращение паводков, катастрофические паводки, засуха, экономический кризис и т.д.) не дают непротиворечивого и исчерпывающего объяснения причин ее гибели. Между тем природные условия и особенности земледелия Индской цивилизации (ежегодные наводнения, затрагивающие не только поля, но и системы канализации) создавали идеальные условия для распространения холеры с водным путем передачи возбудителя. Обсуждается вопрос эволюции возбудителя азиатской холеры. Кратко рассмотрены результаты исследования палеогеномики этого патогена и их значение для реконструкции эволюционных событий. Описаны этапы эволюции Vibrio cholerae классического биовара и рассмотрены возможные механизмы сохранения возбудителя в межэпидемический период. Показано, что помимо холеры в истории человечества известны и другие катастрофические, разрушительные эпидемии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents a hypothesis that the most probable cause of death of the ancient world Indus (Harappa) civilization was the epidemic of Asiatic cholera. A brief description of the Indus civilization that existed for two millennia (3300–1300 BC) is given. It is shown that the previously described factors for the decline of the thriving Indus civilization (climate change, shallowing of the Indus river and reduction in floods, catastrophic floods, drought, economic crisis, etc.) do not provide a consistent and comprehensive explanation of the causes of its death. Meanwhile, the natural environment and peculiarities of agriculture of the Indus civilization (annual floods affecting not only fields, but also sewage systems) created ideal conditions for the spread of water-borne cholera. The evolution of the Asiatic cholera agent is discussed. The results of paleogenomics study of this pathogen and their significance for the reconstruction of evolutionary events are briefly reviewed. The stages of evolution of Vibrio cholerae of the classical biovar are described, and possible mechanisms for the preservation of the pathogen during inter-epidemic period are considered. It is demonstrated that aside from cholera, other catastrophic, destructive epidemics are recorded in the history of mankind.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Индская цивилизация</kwd><kwd>Vibrio cholerae классического биовара</kwd><kwd>эпидемии азиатской холеры</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Indus civilization</kwd><kwd>Vibrio cholerae of the classical biovar</kwd><kwd>Asiatic cholera epidemics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarkar A., Mukherjee A.D., Bera M.K., Das B., Juyal N., Morthekai P., Deshpande R.D., Shinde V.S., Rao L.S. Oxygen isotope in archeological bioapatites from India: Implication to climate change and decline of bronze age Harappan civilization. Sci. Rep. 2016; 6:26555. 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