microbeПроблемы особо опасных инфекцийProblems of Particularly Dangerous Infections0370-10692658-719XRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”10.21055/0370-1069-2023-4-32-41microbe-1894Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSИсторические аспекты биотерроризма. Факторы, определяющие возможность использования патогенных биологических агентов в качестве биологического оружияHistorical Aspects of Bioterrorism: Factors Determining the Possibility of Using Pathogenic Biological Agents as Biological Weaponshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5646-0880ЮдинМ. А.YudinM. A.

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41;

 195043, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Лесопарковая, 4

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41;

 195043, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Лесопарковая, 4.

mikhail.judin@gmail.comБогачёваА. С.BogachevaA. S.

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

rectorat@szgmu.ruБузмаковаА. Л.BuzmakovaA. L.

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

rectorat@szgmu.ruПотаповаА. В.PotapovaA. V.

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

rectorat@szgmu.ruРомановаА. В.RomanovaA. V.

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

rectorat@szgmu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7142-0115КалякинаД. О.KalyakinaD. O.

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

rectorat@szgmu.ruШиловВ. В.ShilovV. V.

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

 191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

rectorat@szgmu.ruГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова»; ФГБУ «Государственный научно-исследовательский испытательный институт военной медицины»РоссияNorth-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov; State Research Testing Institute of Military MedicineRussian FederationГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова»РоссияNorth-Western State Medical University named after I.I. MechnikovRussian Federation202307012024043241Copyright © Юдин М.А., Богачёва А.С., Бузмакова А.Л., Потапова А.В., Романова А.В., Калякина Д.О., Шилов В.В., 20242024Юдин М.А., Богачёва А.С., Бузмакова А.Л., Потапова А.В., Романова А.В., Калякина Д.О., Шилов В.В.Yudin M.A., Bogacheva A.S., Buzmakova A.L., Potapova A.V., Romanova A.V., Kalyakina D.O., Shilov V.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1894

С каждым годом стремительно растет количество потенциально опасных для жизни патогенных биологических агентов (ПБА), которые представлены вирусами, бактериями, риккетсиями, хламидиями, простейшими, грибами, генно-инженерными конструкциями и модифицированными микроорганизмами, прионами и токсинами. Применение ПБА с целью разрушения общества, экономических ресурсов страны, ухудшения качества источников питания и водоснабжения, устрашения населения, провокаций внутренних беспорядков, дестабилизации государственного управления, создания экономического, социально-психического и экологического кризисов есть не что иное, как биологический терроризм. Разработанные и ратифицированные на сегодняшний день многочисленные международные соглашения, договоры и протоколы, ограничивающие производство и использование оружия массового поражения, не гарантируют ликвидацию рисков незаконного приобретения и использования ПБА террористическими организациями, что не позволяет исключить вероятность совершения актов биотерроризма. В связи с этим сохранение и укрепление административно-правовых, медико-биологических, санитарно-эпидемиологических, ветеринарно- и фитосанитарных и иных мероприятий должны составлять основу государственной политики Российской Федерации по противодействию применению и распространению ПБА.

Every year, the number of potentially life-threatening pathogenic biological agents (PBAs) is rapidly growing, which are represented by viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, chlamydia, protozoa, fungi, genetically engineered constructs and modified microorganisms, prions and toxins. The use of PBAs for the purpose of destroying society, the economic resources of the country, deteriorating the quality of food and water supplies, intimidating the population, provoking internal unrest, destabilizing government, and creating economic, socio-psychological and environmental crises is nothing more than biological terrorism. The numerous international agreements, treaties and protocols that have been developed and ratified to date, limiting the production and use of weapons of mass destruction, do not guarantee the elimination of the risks of illegal acquisition and use of biologically active substances by terrorist organizations, which does not exclude the possibility of committing acts of bioterrorism. In this regard, the preservation and strengthening of administrative-legal, medical-biological, sanitary-epidemiological, veterinary and phytosanitary and other measures should form the basis of the state policy of the Russian Federation to counter the use and spread of PBAs.

патогенные биологические агентыбиологическое оружиевирусыбиотерроризмКонвенция о запрещении биологического оружияpathogenic biological agentsbiological weaponsvirusesbioterrorismBiological Weapons ConventionReferencesОнищенко Г.Г., Топорков А.В., Липницкий А.В., Викторов Д.В. Проблемы противодействия биологическому терроризму на современном этапе. Инфекционные болезни: новости, мнения, обучение. 2016; 1:24–31.Onishchenko G.G., Toporkov A.V., Lipnitsky A.V., Viktorov D.V. [Problems of countering biological terrorism at the present stage]. Infektsionnye Bolezni: Novosti, Mneniya, Obuchenie [Infectious Diseases: News, Opinions, Training]. 2016; (1):24–31.O’Brien S., Garvey P., Baker K., Brennan M., Cormican M., Cuddihy J., De Lappe N., Ellard R., Fallon Ú., Irvine N., Murphy S., O’Brien D., O’Connor M., O’Hare C., O’Sullivan M.B., Part A.M., Rooney P., Ryan A., Waldron G., Ward M., McKeown P.J.; Outbreak Control Team. Investigation of a foodborne outbreak of Shigella sonnei in Ireland and Northern Ireland, December 2016: the benefits of cross-border collaboration and commercial sales data. Public Health. 2020; 182:19–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.01.008.O’Brien S., Garvey P., Baker K., Brennan M., Cormican M., Cuddihy J., De Lappe N., Ellard R., Fallon Ú., Irvine N., Murphy S., O’Brien D., O’Connor M., O’Hare C., O’Sullivan M.B., Part A.M., Rooney P., Ryan A., Waldron G., Ward M., McKeown P.J.; Outbreak Control Team. Investigation of a foodborne outbreak of Shigella sonnei in Ireland and Northern Ireland, December 2016: the benefits of cross-border collaboration and commercial sales data. Public Health. 2020; 182:19–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.01.008.Jansen H.J., Breeveld F.J., Stijnis C., Grobusch M.P. Biological warfare, bioterrorism and biocrime. Clin. Microbial. Infect. 2014; 20(6):488–96. DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12699.Jansen H.J., Breeveld F.J., Stijnis C., Grobusch M.P. Biological warfare, bioterrorism and biocrime. Clin. Microbial. Infect. 2014; 20(6):488–96. DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12699.Mansour B.M., Alsuleman D.M., Alghanem S.H. An overview of biological warfare and SARS-CoV-2 as a potential biological agent. World Family Medicine. 2022; 20(3):43–51. DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2022.9525010.Mansour B.M., Alsuleman D.M., Alghanem S.H. An overview of biological warfare and SARS-CoV-2 as a potential biological agent. World Family Medicine. 2022; 20(3):43–51. DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2022.9525010.Хайдаров Т.Ф. Эпоха «Черной смерти» в Золотой Орде и прилегающих регионах (конец XIII – первая половина XV вв.). Казань: Институт истории им. Ш. Марджани АН РТ; 2018. 304 с.Khaidarov T.F. [The Era of the “Black Death” in the Golden Horde and Surrounding Regions (Late XIII – First Half of the XV Centuries)]. Kazan: Institute of History named after Sh. Marjani, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan; 2018. 304 p.Михель Д.В. Общественное здоровье и холерный вибрион: Российская империя, медицина и бактериология начала XX века перед угрозой холеры. Известия Саратовского университета. 2008; 8(2):64–74.Mikhel’ D.V. [Public health and Vibrio cholerae: Russian Empire, medicine and bacteriology of the early 20th century facing the threat of cholera]. Izvestiya Saratovskogo Universiteta [Bulletin of the Saratov University]. 2008; 8(2):64–74.Biological Testing Involving Human Subjects by the Department of Defense, 1977: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate. Washington: U.S. Government printed office; 1977. 297 p.Biological Testing Involving Human Subjects by the Department of Defense, 1977: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate. Washington: U.S. Government printed office; 1977. 297 p.Calvert S.M. Toxic Mosquito Aerial Release System. Patent US. No. 8967029В1, date of publ. 2015-03-03.Calvert S.M. Toxic Mosquito Aerial Release System. Patent US. No. 8967029В1, date of publ. 2015-03-03.Buchman A., Gamez S., Li M., Antoshechkin I., Li H.H., Wang H.W., Chen C.H., Klein M.J., Duchemin J.B., Crowe J.E. Jr, Paradkar P.N., Akbari O.S. Broad dengue neutralization in mosquitoes expressing an engineered antibody. PLoS Pathog. 2020; 16(1):e1008103. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008103.Buchman A., Gamez S., Li M., Antoshechkin I., Li H.H., Wang H.W., Chen C.H., Klein M.J., Duchemin J.B., Crowe J.E. Jr, Paradkar P.N., Akbari O.S. Broad dengue neutralization in mosquitoes expressing an engineered antibody. PLoS Pathog. 2020; 16(1):e1008103. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008103.Биологическая безопасность (биологическое оружие и биотерроризм). СПб.: РИЦ ПСПбГМУ; 2018. 67 с.[Biological Security (Biological Weapons and Bioterrorism)]. St. Petersburg; 2018. 67 p.d’Errico P. Jeffrey Amherst and smallpox blankets: Lord Jeffrey Amherst’s letters discussing germ warfare against American Indians. 2020; 11 p. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23231.66724.d’Errico P. Jeffrey Amherst and smallpox blankets: Lord Jeffrey Amherst’s letters discussing germ warfare against American Indians. 2020; 11 p. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23231.66724.Супотницкий М.В. Биологическая война. Введение в эпидемиологию искусственных эпидемических процессов и биологических поражений: монография. М.: Кафедра: Русская панорама; 2013. 1136 с.Supotnitsky M.V. [Biological Warfare. Introduction to the Epidemiology of Artificial Epidemic Processes and Biological Lesions. Monograph]. M.: Department: Russian Panorama; 2013. 1136 p.Chevrier M.I., Chomiczewski K., Garrigue H., Granasztói G., Dando M.R., Pearson G.S., editors. The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. NATO Science Series. Kluwer Academic Publisher; 2004. 299 p.Chevrier M.I., Chomiczewski K., Garrigue H., Granasztói G., Dando M.R., Pearson G.S., editors. The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. NATO Science Series. Kluwer Academic Publisher; 2004. 299 p.Кобец П.Н. О важности разработки комплексных мер, наиболее эффективно противодействующих угрозам биотерроризма. Философия права. 2021; 1:75–80.Kobets P.N. [On the importance of developing comprehensive measures that most effectively counter the threats of bioterrorism]. Filosofiya Prava [Philosophy of Law]. 2021; (1):75–80.Alsan M., Wanamaker M. Tuskegee and the health of black men. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER); 2017. Working paper 22323. 51 p. DOI: 10.3386/w22323.Alsan M., Wanamaker M. Tuskegee and the health of black men. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER); 2017. Working paper 22323. 51 p. DOI: 10.3386/w22323.McKenzie F.E., Smith D.L., O’Meara W.P., Riley E.M. Strain theory of malaria: the first 50 years. Adv. Parasitol. 2008; 66:1–46. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00201-7.McKenzie F.E., Smith D.L., O’Meara W.P., Riley E.M. Strain theory of malaria: the first 50 years. Adv. Parasitol. 2008; 66:1–46. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00201-7.Ford J.S. Systemic medical racism: the reconstruction of whiteness through the destruction of black bodies. Honors College Theses. 2019. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses/403.Ford J.S. Systemic medical racism: the reconstruction of whiteness through the destruction of black bodies. Honors College Theses. 2019. [Internet]. Available from: https://digitalcommons. georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses/403.Fox M. U.S. apologies for syphilis experiment in Guatemala. Reuters. Healthcare and Pharma. 01.10.2010. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-guatemalaexperiment-idUSTRE6903RZ20101001.Fox M. U.S. apologies for syphilis experiment in Guatemala. Reuters. Healthcare and Pharma. 01.10.2010. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-guatemalaexperiment-idUSTRE6903RZ20101001.Chemical Concussions and Secret LSD: Pentagon Details Cold War Mind-Control Tests. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.wired.com/2010/05/chemical-concussions-and-secret-lsdmilitary-releases-cold-war-mind-control-report/ (дата обращения 01.08.2021).Chemical Concussions and Secret LSD: Pentagon Details Cold War Mind-Control Tests. (Cited 01 Aug 2021). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.wired.com/2010/05/chemical-concussionsand-secret-lsd-military-releases-cold-war-mind-control-report.Cole L.A. The Eleventh Plague: the politics of Biological and Chemical Warfare. Henry Holt and Company; 1996. 304 p.Cole L.A. The Eleventh Plague: the politics of Biological and Chemical Warfare. Henry Holt and Company; 1996. 304 p.Gillmor D. I Swear by Apollo: Dr. Ewen Cameron and the CIA-brainwashing Experiments. Montreal: Eden Press; 1987. 165 p.Gillmor D. I Swear by Apollo: Dr. Ewen Cameron and the CIA-brainwashing Experiments. Montreal: Eden Press; 1987. 165 p.Thomas G. Journey into Madness. The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse. New York: Bantam; 1989. 388 p.Thomas G. Journey into Madness. The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse. New York: Bantam; 1989. 388 p.Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://treaties.unoda.org/t/bwc (дата обращения 15.11.2022).Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction. (Cited 15 Nov 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://treaties.unoda.org/t/bwc.The Department of Defense’s Inquiry into Project 112/ Shipboard Hazard and Defense (SHAD) Test. Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate. 2002. 164 p.The Department of Defense’s Inquiry into Project 112/ Shipboard Hazard and Defense (SHAD) Test. Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate. 2002. 164 p.Legacy of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties of the Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives. Authenticated U.S. Government Information; 2007. Serial No. 110-63. 336 p.Legacy of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties of the Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives. Authenticated U.S. Government Information; 2007. Serial No. 110-63. 336 p.Alencar S.P., Souza M.C., Fonseca R.R.S., Menezes C.R., Azevedo V.N., Ribeiro A.L.R., Lima S.S., Laurentino R.V., Barbosa M.D.A.A.P., Freitas F.B., Oliveira-Filho A.B., Machado L.F.A. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection in people living with HIV/AIDS in the Pará State, Amazon Region of Brazil. Front. Microbiol. 2020; 11:572381. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.572381.Alencar S.P., Souza M.C., Fonseca R.R.S., Menezes C.R., Azevedo V.N., Ribeiro A.L.R., Lima S.S., Laurentino R.V., Barbosa M.D.A.A.P., Freitas F.B., Oliveira-Filho A.B., Machado L.F.A. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection in people living with HIV/AIDS in the Pará State, Amazon Region of Brazil. Front. Microbiol. 2020; 11:572381. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.572381.Nijs J., Coomans D., Nicolson G.L., De Becker P., Christian D., De Meirlier K. Immunophenotyping predictive of Mycoplasma infection in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome? J. Chronic Fatigue Syndr. 2003; 11(2):51–70. DOI: 10.1300/J092v11n02_05.Nijs J., Coomans D., Nicolson G.L., De Becker P., Christian D., De Meirlier K. Immunophenotyping predictive of Mycoplasma infection in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome? J. Chronic Fatigue Syndr. 2003; 11(2):51–70. DOI: 10.1300/J092v11n02_05.Lo S.C., Levin L., Ribas J., Chung R., Wang R.Y., Wear D., Shih J.W. Lack of serological evidence for Mycoplasma fermentans infection in army Gulf War veterans: a large scale case-control study. Epidemiol. Infect. 2000; 125(3):609–16. DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800004891.Lo S.C., Levin L., Ribas J., Chung R., Wang R.Y., Wear D., Shih J.W. Lack of serological evidence for Mycoplasma fermentans infection in army Gulf War veterans: a large scale case-control study. Epidemiol. Infect. 2000; 125(3):609–16. DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800004891.Dailey A., Saha J., Zaidi F., Abdirahman H., Haymond A., Alem F., Hakami R., Couch R. VOC fingerprints: metabolomic signatures of biothreat agents with and without antibiotic resistance. Sci. Rep. 2020; 10(1):11746. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68622-x.Dailey A., Saha J., Zaidi F., Abdirahman H., Haymond A., Alem F., Hakami R., Couch R. VOC fingerprints: metabolomic signatures of biothreat agents with and without antibiotic resistance. Sci. Rep. 2020; 10(1):11746. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68622-x.Tucker J.B., Pate J. The Minnesota Patriots Council (1991). In: Tucker J.B., editor. Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA; 2000. P. 159–83.Tucker J.B., Pate J. The Minnesota Patriots Council (1991). In: Tucker J.B., editor. Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA; 2000. P. 159–83.Inđić D.R., Rutic S.Z., Ivanković N.D. Modeling international nuclear chemical biological defence forces in case of chemical weapons application for terrorist purposes. Military Technical Courier. 2016; 64(4):987–1008. DOI: 10.5937/vojtehg64-10402.Inđić D.R., Rutic S.Z., Ivanković N.D. Modeling international nuclear chemical biological defence forces in case of chemical weapons application for terrorist purposes. Military Technical Courier. 2016; 64(4):987–1008. DOI: 10.5937/vojtehg64-10402.Anthrax. In a Time of Terror [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/behind-the-badge-casehistories-dangerous-mail/anthrax (дата обращения 17.03.2022).Anthrax. In a Time of Terror. (Cited 17 Mar 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/ behind-the-badge-case-histories-dangerous-mail/anthrax.Андрюков Б.Г., Беседнова Н.Н., Калинин А.В., Котельников В.Н., Крыжановский С.П., Хотимченко Ю.С. Биологическое оружие и глобальная система биологической безопасности. Практическое руководство. Владивосток: Дальнаука; 2017. 448 с. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.849731.Andryukov B.G., Besednova N.N., Kalinin A.V., Kotel’nikov V.N., Kryzhanovsky S.P., Khotimchenko Yu.S. [Biological Weapons and the Global Biosecurity System. Practice Guidelines]. Vladivostok: “Dalnauka”; 2017. 448 p. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.849731.Chemical and Bacteriological (Biological) Weapons and the Effects of Their Possible Use. New York: Balantine books, Inc.; 1970. United Nations Report No. E. 69, I, 24. 178 p.Chemical and Bacteriological (Biological) Weapons and the Effects of Their Possible Use. New York: Balantine books, Inc.; 1970. United Nations Report No. E. 69, I, 24. 178 p.Супотницкий М.В. Генотерапевтические векторные системы на основе вирусов. Биопрепараты. 2011; 3:15–26.Supotnitsky M.V. [Virus-based gene therapy vector systems]. Biopreparaty [Biological Products]. 2011; (3):15–26.Tin D., Sabeti P., Ciottone G.R. Bioterrorism: An analysis of biological agents used in terrorist events. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2022; 54:117–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.056.Tin D., Sabeti P., Ciottone G.R. Bioterrorism: An analysis of biological agents used in terrorist events. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2022; 54:117–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.056.Australia Group Common Control List Handbook. Volume II: Biological Weapons-Related Common Control Lists. 2018.Australia Group Common Control List Handbook. Volume II: Biological Weapons-Related Common Control Lists. 2018.Armengaud J. The proteomics contribution to the counter-bioterrorism toolbox in the post-COVID-19 era. Expert Rev. Proteomics. 2020; 17(7-8):507–11. DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1822745.Armengaud J. The proteomics contribution to the counter-bioterrorism toolbox in the post-COVID-19 era. Expert Rev. Proteomics. 2020; 17(7-8):507–11. DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1822745.Sachs J.D., Karim S.S.A., Aknin L., Allen J., Brosbøl K., Colombo F., Barron G.C., Espinosa M.F., Gaspar V., Gaviria A., Haines A., Hotez P.J., Koundouri P., Bascuñán F.L., Lee J.K., Pate M.A., Ramos G., Reddy K.S., Serageldin I., Thwaites J., Vike-Freiberga V., Wang C., Were M.K., Xue L., Bahadur C., Bottazzi M.E., Bullen C., Laryea-Adjei G., Amor Y.B., Karadag O., Lafortune G., Torres E., Barredo L., Bartels J.G.E., Joshi N., Hellard M., Huynh U.K., Khandelwal S., Lazarus J.V., Michie S. The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2022; 400(10359):1224–80. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01585-9.Sachs J.D., Karim S.S.A., Aknin L., Allen J., Brosbøl K., Colombo F., Barron G.C., Espinosa M.F., Gaspar V., Gaviria A., Haines A., Hotez P.J., Koundouri P., Bascuñán F.L., Lee J.K., Pate M.A., Ramos G., Reddy K.S., Serageldin I., Thwaites J., Vike-Freiberga V., Wang C., Were M.K., Xue L., Bahadur C., Bottazzi M.E., Bullen C., Laryea-Adjei G., Amor Y.B., Karadag O., Lafortune G., Torres E., Barredo L., Bartels J.G.E., Joshi N., Hellard M., Huynh U.K., Khandelwal S., Lazarus J.V., Michie S. The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2022; 400(10359):1224–80. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01585-9.Kemp L., Rhodes C. The Cartography of Global Catastrophic Governance. Global Challenges Foundation. 2020. 41. WHO. Biological weapons [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.who.int/health-topics/biological-weapons#tab=tab_2 (дата обращения 19.04.2022).Kemp L., Rhodes C. The Cartography of Global Catastrophic Governance. Global Challenges Foundation. 2020.WHO. Biological weapons. (Cited 19 Apr 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/biologicalweapons#tab=tab_2.WHO. Biological weapons. (Cited 19 Apr 2022). [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/biologicalweapons#tab=tab_2.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.