microbeПроблемы особо опасных инфекцийProblems of Particularly Dangerous Infections0370-10692658-719XRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”10.21055/0370-1069-2024-1-6-16microbe-1938Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSЭволюция Yersinia pestis как возбудителя трансмиссивной болезни, переносимой с помощью артроподEvolution of Yersinia pestis as the Causative Agent of a Vector-Borne Disease Transmitted by Arthropodshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5403-989XЕрошенкоГ. А.EroshenkoG. A.

Ерошенко Галина Александровна,

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

Galina A. Eroshenko,

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

rusrapi@microbe.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2438-8364КуклеваЛ. М.KuklevaL. M.

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

rusrapi@microbe.ruФКУН «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб»РоссияRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”Russian Federation20242803202401616Copyright © Ерошенко Г.А., Куклева Л.М., 20242024Ерошенко Г.А., Куклева Л.М.Eroshenko G.A., Kukleva L.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1938

В обзоре обобщены данные современных отечественных и зарубежных исследований по механизмам эволюционной адаптации возбудителя чумы к трансмиссивному распространению с помощью артропод. Приведены сведения по молекулярным основам быстрого образования высокопатогенной бактерии за счет приобретения новой генетической информации; структурно-функциональным изменениям генома, вызвавшим нарушение функциональности некоторых генов, препятствующих выживанию в переносчике. Рассматривается стадия сложного жизненного цикла возбудителя, связанная с особенностями пребывания в организме переносчика и выработанной им тактикой уклонения от действия образуемых блохой антибактериальных веществ. Обсуждается значение образования биопленки для эффективной трансмиссии возбудителя. Рассматривается сложный каскад транскрипционных регуляторов биопленки у Yersinia pestis, включающих активаторы и репрессоры образования биопленок, а также регуляторы синтеза или модификации/транспортировки экзополисахарида. Подробно описан hms-зависимый механизм образования биопленки у Y. pestis, а также воздействие на образование биопленки через регуляцию генов, связанных с липополисахаридом, и его роли в модификации и транспортировке экзополисахарида биопленки. Приводятся данные собственных исследований по вариабельности генов, участвующих в образовании биопленки, у основного подвида в сравнении с неосновными подвидами возбудителя чумы, а также по способности штаммов разных подвидов образовывать биопленку не только в преджелудке блохи, но и на кутикуле почвенных нематод отрядов Tylenchida и Rhabditida, рода Panagrolaimus. Последнее позволяет предположить возможное участие почвенных и энтомопаразитических нематод в выносе биопленок Y. pestis из почвенного в наземный биоценоз природного очага чумы.

The review summarizes the data of modern domestic and foreign studies on the mechanisms of evolutionary adaptation of the plague pathogen to transmissive spread by arthropods. The data on the molecular basis of the rapid formation of a highly pathogenic bacterium due to the acquisition of new genetic information; structural and functional changes in the genome, causing the disruption of functionality of some genes that prevent survival in the vector are presented. The stage of the complex life cycle of the pathogen associated with the peculiarities of its stay in the vector’s organism and its tactics of evasion from the action of antibacterial substances formed by the flea is considered. The importance of biofilm formation for effective transmission of the pathogen is discussed. A complex cascade of transcriptional regulators of biofilm in Yersinia pestis is considered, which includes activators and repressors of biofilm formation, as well as regulators of synthesis or modification/transport of exopolysaccharide. The hms-dependent mechanism of biofilm formation in Y. pestis is described in detail, as well as the impact on biofilm formation through the regulation of LPS-related genes and its role in the modification and transport of biofilm exopolysaccharide. The data from our own studies on the variability of genes involved in biofilm formation in the main subspecies of the plague pathogen in comparison with non-main subspecies of the plague pathogen, as well as on the ability of strains of different subspecies to form biofilm not only in the proventriculus of the flea, but also on the cuticle of soil nematodes of the Tylenchida and Rhabditida orders and the genus Panagrolaimus are presented. The latter allows us to assume the possible participation of soil and entomoparasitic nematodes in the removal of Y. pestis biofilms from the soil to the above-ground biocoenosis of the natural plague focus.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.