<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2024-1-168-175</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-1958</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>О микрофлоре энтомопаразитических нематод из блох длиннохвостого суслика в Тувинском природном очаге чумы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On Microflora of Entomoparasitic Nematodes from Long-Tailed Souslik Fleas in Tuva Mountain Natural Plague Focus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3416-6602</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Токмакова</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tokmakova</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Токмакова Елена Геннадьевна, </p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>78, Trilissera St., Irkutsk, 664047</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">flea98@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галацевич</surname><given-names>Н. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galatsevich</surname><given-names>N. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13, Moskovskaya St., Kyzyl, 667010</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8086-9886</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Базанова</surname><given-names>Л. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazanova</surname><given-names>L. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>78, Trilissera St., Irkutsk, 664047</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балган</surname><given-names>О. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Balgan</surname><given-names>O. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13, Moskovskaya St., Kyzyl, 667010</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0674-6159</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пономарёва</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponomareva</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>78, Trilissera St., Irkutsk, 664047</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9391-6779</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Остяк</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostyak</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>78, Trilissera St., Irkutsk, 664047</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акимова</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akimova</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13, Moskovskaya St., Kyzyl, 667010</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4201-5828</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балахонов</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Balakhonov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>78, Trilissera St., Irkutsk, 664047</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Иркутский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт Сибири и Дальнего Востока»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute of Siberia and Far East</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Тувинская противочумная станция»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tuva Plague Control Station</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>168</fpage><lpage>175</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Токмакова Е.Г., Галацевич Н.Ф., Базанова Л.П., Балган О.Л., Пономарёва А.С., Остяк А.С., Акимова И.С., Балахонов С.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Токмакова Е.Г., Галацевич Н.Ф., Базанова Л.П., Балган О.Л., Пономарёва А.С., Остяк А.С., Акимова И.С., Балахонов С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tokmakova E.G., Galatsevich N.F., Bazanova L.P., Balgan O.L., Ponomareva A.S., Ostyak A.S., Akimova I.S., Balakhonov S.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1958">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1958</self-uri><abstract><p>Энтомопаразитическим нематодам блох отводится определенная роль в персистенции Yersinia pestis в природных очагах, однако их естественное микробное окружение не изучено.</p><p>Цель исследования – поиск бактерий – ассоциантов нематод, паразитирующих в блохах – переносчиках чумы в Тувинском природном очаге.</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Блох собирали в процессе плановых эпизоотологических обследований в мае 2017 и 2018 гг. При проведении таксономической идентификации насекомых регистрировали наличие паразитических нематод. В 2017 г. бактериологическое исследование блох, пораженных нематодами и свободных от них, проводили отдельно, без вскрытия. Учитывали присутствие и количество бактериальных колоний на агаровых пластинках. Результаты оценили общепринятыми методами с применением программы Excel. Использовали t-критерий, однофакторный дисперсионный анализ. В 2018 г. вскрыты 84 инвазированные блохи. Извлеченных нематод посеяли в бульон Хоттингера с последующим культивированием выросших бактерий на агаре Хоттингера. Систематическую принадлежность выделенных культур определили методами масс-спектрометрического анализа (MALDI-TOF) и частичного секвенирования 16S РНК.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. В 2017 г. бактериологически исследовано 30 проб блох с гельминтами и 276 без них, в том числе 23 пробы инвазированных и 145 неинвазированных особей основного переносчика Citellophilus tesquorum. Статистические различия в доле образцов, обсемененных неприхотливыми бактериями, и влияние количества блох в пробе на число выросших колоний не выявлены. В 2018 г. из 23 образцов энтомопаразитических нематод выделены 26 культур бактерий родов Serratia, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Macrococcus, Bacillus. Обсуждаются возможные пути их проникновения в имаго блох.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Entomoparasitic nematodes have a specific role to play in the persistence of Yersinia pestis in natural foci, however their natural microbial environment has not been studied.</p><p>The aim of the study was to search for bacteria associated with nematodes parasitizing fleas-vectors of plague in the Tuva natural focus.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Fleas were collected during the planned epizootiological surveillance in May, 2017 and 2018. During the taxonomic identification of insects, the presence of parasitic nematodes was recorded. In 2017, bacteriological examination of fleas affected by nematodes and those free from them was carried out separately without dissection. The presence and number of bacteria colonies on the agar plates were taken into account. The results were evaluated by conventional methods using the Excel program. The t-criterion, one-factor analysis of variance were employed. In 2018, 84 invaded fleas were dissected. Extracted nematodes were suspended in Hottinger’s broth, followed by cultivation of grown bacteria on Hottinger’s agar. Systematic position of isolated cultures was determined through mass spectrometric analysis (MALDI-TOF) and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. In 2017, 30 samples of fleas with helminthes and 276 without helminthes were bacteriologically examined, including 23 samples infested and 145 non-infested specimens of the main vector, Citellophilus tesquorum. Statistical differences in the proportion of samples contaminated by unpretentious bacteria and effect of flea abundance in the sample on the number of colonies grown have not been revealed. In 2018, 26 cultures of bacteria of the genera Serratia, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Macrococcus, and Bacillus were isolated from 23 samples of entomoparasitic nematodes. Possible ways of their penetration into flea imagoes are discussed.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бактерии</kwd><kwd>энтомопаразитические нематоды</kwd><kwd>блохи</kwd><kwd>Тувинский природный очаг чумы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bacteria</kwd><kwd>entomoparasitic nematodes</kwd><kwd>fleas</kwd><kwd>Tuva natural plague focus</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou D., Yang R. Formation and regulation of Yersinia biofilms. Protein Cell. 2011; 2(3):173–9. DOI: 10.1007/s13238-0111024-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou D., Yang R. Formation and regulation of Yersinia biofilms. Protein Cell. 2011; 2(3):173–9. DOI: 10.1007/s13238-0111024-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ерошенко Г.А., Видяева Н.А., Куклева Л.М., Кошель Е.И., Одиноков Г.Н., Шавина Н.Ю., Князева Т.В., Мокроусова Т.В., Краснов Я.М., Анисимова Л.В., Новичкова Л.А., Ерохин П.С., Бойко А.В., Кутырев В.В. Изучение образования биопленки у беспигментных и бесплазмидных мутантов штамма Yersinia pestis на биотических поверхностях в условиях in vitro и in vivo. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2012; 3:45–9. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2012-3-45-49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eroshenko G.A., Vidyaeva N.A., Kukleva L.M., Koshel’ E.I., Odinokov G.N., Shavina N.Yu., Knyazeva T.V., Mokrousova T.V., Krasnov Ya.M., Anisimova L.V., Novichkova L.A., Erokhin P.S., Boiko A.V., Kutyrev V.V. [Studies of biofilm formation in nonpigmented and plasmid-deprived mutants of Yersinia pestis on biotic surfaces, in vivo and in vitro conditions]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2012; (3):45–9. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2012-3-45-49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макашова М.А., Оглодин Е.Г., Шарапова Н.А., Самойлов А.Е., Ерошенко Г.А., Кутырев В.В. Влияние Yersinia pestis на почвенных нематод Panagrolaimus sp. из Горно-Алтайского высокогорного очага чумы. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2023; 2:127–33. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2023-2-127-133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makashova M.A., Oglodin E.G., Sharapova N.A., Samoilov A.E., Eroshenko G.A., Kutyrev V.V. [Effect of Yersinia pestis on the soil nematodes Panagrolaimus sp. from the Gorno-Altai high-mountain focus of plague]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2023; (2):127–33. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2023-2-127-133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оглодин Е.Г., Токмакова Е.Г., Никифоров К.А., Денисов А.В., Шарапова Н.А., Ерошенко Г.А. Систематическая принадлежность энтомопаразитических нематод, выделенных от блох в Горно-Алтайском высокогорном природном очаге чумы. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2018; 2:79–83. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2018-2-79-83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oglodin E.G., Tokmakova E.G., Nikiforov K.A., Denisov A.V., Sharapova N.A., Eroshenko G.A. [Taxonomic position of entomoparasitic nematodes isolated from fleas in Gorno-Altai highmountain natural plague focus]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2018; (2):79–83. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2018-2-79-83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макашова М.А., Оглодин Е.Г., Токмакова Е.Г. Выявление симбионтов энтомопаразитических нематод Rubzovinema sp. из Тувинского горного очага чумы. В кн.: Попова А.Ю., Бакирова А.Б., редакторы. Современные проблемы эпидемиологии, микробиологии и гигиены. Материалы XI Всероссийской научнопрактической конференции молодых ученых и специалистов Роспотребнадзора (Уфа, 2–4 октября 2019 г.). Уфа; 2019. С. 255–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makashova M.A., Oglodin E.G., Tokmakova E.G. [Identification of symbionts of Rubzovinema sp. entomoparasitic nematodes from Tuva mountain plague focus]. In: Popova A.Yu., Bakirova A.B., editors. [Current Problems of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Hygiene. Proceedings of the XI All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists and Specialists of the Rospotrebnadzor (Ufa, October 2–4, 2019]. Ufa; 2019. P. 255–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koshel E.I., Aleshin V.V., Eroshenko G.A., Kutyrev V.V. Phylogenetic analysis of entomoparasitic nematodes, potential control agents of flea populations in natural foci of plague. Biomed Res. Int. 2014; 2014:135218. DOI: 10.1155/2014/135218.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koshel E.I., Aleshin V.V., Eroshenko G.A., Kutyrev V.V. Phylogenetic analysis of entomoparasitic nematodes, potential control agents of flea populations in natural foci of plague. Biomed Res. Int. 2014; 2014:135218. DOI: 10.1155/2014/135218.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ерошенко Г.А., Кошель Е.И., Поршаков А.М., Князева Т.В., Краснов Я.М., Мокроусова Т.В., Новичкова Л.А., Анисимова Л.В. Характеристика энтомопаразитических нематод блох мелких грызунов. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2016; 3:32–7. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2016-3-32-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eroshenko G.A., Koshel’ E.I., Porshakov A.M., Knyazeva T.V., Krasnov Ya.M., Mokrousova T.V., Novichkova L.A., Anisimova L.V. [Characteristics of entomoparasitic nematodes of small rodent fleas]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2016; (3):32–7. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2016-3-32-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рысс А.Ю., Кулинич О.А., Турицин В.С., Мазурин Е.С. Мутуалистические комплексы нематод и бактерий, ассоциированные с насекомыми. Энтомологическое обозрение. 2011; 90(3):662–71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryss A.Yu., Kulinich O.A., Turitsin V.S., Mazurin E.S. [Mutualistic nematode–bacteria associations co-inhabiting with insect vectors and hosts]. Enthomological Review. 2011; 90(3):662–71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuwata R., Qiu L.H., Wang W., Harada Y., Yoshida M., Kondo E., Yoshiga T. Xenorhabdus ishibashii sp. nov., isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema aciari. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2013; 63(Pt. 5):1690–5. DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041145-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuwata R., Qiu L.H., Wang W., Harada Y., Yoshida M., Kondo E., Yoshiga T. Xenorhabdus ishibashii sp. nov., isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema aciari. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2013; 63(Pt. 5):1690–5. DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041145-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sajnaga E., Kazimierczak W., Skowronek M., Lis M., Skrzypek T., Waśko A. Steinernema poinari (Nematoda: Steinernematidae): a new symbiotic host of entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus bovienii. Arch. Microbiol. 2018; 200(9):1307–16. DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1544-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sajnaga E., Kazimierczak W., Skowronek M., Lis M., Skrzypek T., Waśko A. Steinernema poinari (Nematoda: Steinernematidae): a new symbiotic host of entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus bovienii. Arch. Microbiol. 2018; 200(9):1307–16. DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1544-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yooyangket T., Muangpat P., Polseela R., Tandhavanant S., Thanwisai A., Vitta A. Identification of entomopathogenic nematodes and symbiotic bacteria from Nam Nao National Park in Thailand and larvicidal activity of symbiotic bacteria against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. PLoS One. 2018; 13(4):e0195681. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195681.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yooyangket T., Muangpat P., Polseela R., Tandhavanant S., Thanwisai A., Vitta A. Identification of entomopathogenic nematodes and symbiotic bacteria from Nam Nao National Park in Thailand and larvicidal activity of symbiotic bacteria against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. PLoS One. 2018; 13(4):e0195681. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195681.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yi Y.K., Park H.W., Shrestha S., Seo J., Kim Y.O., Shin C.S., Kim Y. Identification of two entomopathogenic bacteria from a nematode pathogenic to the Oriental beetle, Blitopertha orientalis. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007; 17(6):968–78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yi Y.K., Park H.W., Shrestha S., Seo J., Kim Y.O., Shin C.S., Kim Y. Identification of two entomopathogenic bacteria from a nematode pathogenic to the Oriental beetle, Blitopertha orientalis. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007; 17(6):968–78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang C.X., Yang S.Y., Xu M.X., Sun J., Liu H., Liu J.R., Liu H., Kan F., Sun J., Lai R., Zhang K.Y. Serratia nematodiphila sp. nov., associated symbiotically with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2009; 59(Pt. 7):1603–8. DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.003871-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang C.X., Yang S.Y., Xu M.X., Sun J., Liu H., Liu J.R., Liu H., Kan F., Sun J., Lai R., Zhang K.Y. Serratia nematodiphila sp. nov., associated symbiotically with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2009; 59(Pt. 7):1603–8. DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.003871-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gegner T., Carrau T., Vilcinskas A., Lee K.Z. The infection of Harmonia axyridis by a parasitic nematode is mediated by entomopathogenic bacteria and triggers sex-specific host immune responses. Sci. Rep. 2018; 8(1):15938. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-01834278-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gegner T., Carrau T., Vilcinskas A., Lee K.Z. The infection of Harmonia axyridis by a parasitic nematode is mediated by entomopathogenic bacteria and triggers sex-specific host immune responses. Sci. Rep. 2018; 8(1):15938. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-01834278-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pervez R., Lone Sh. A., Pattnaik S. Characterization of symbiotic and associated bacteria from entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. (nematode: Heterorhabditidae) isolated from India. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 2020; 30(1):144. DOI: 10.1186/s41938-020-00343-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pervez R., Lone Sh. A., Pattnaik S. Characterization of symbiotic and associated bacteria from entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. (nematode: Heterorhabditidae) isolated from India. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 2020; 30(1):144. DOI: 10.1186/s41938-020-00343-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рокицкий П.Ф. Биологическая статистика. Минск: Вышэйш. школа; 1973. 320 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rokitsky P.F. [Biological Statistics]. Minsk: “Vysheyshaya Shkola”; 1973. 320 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanger F., Coulson A.R. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed syntesis with DNA polymerase. J. Mol. Biol. 1975; 94(32):444–8. DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90213-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanger F., Coulson A.R. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed syntesis with DNA polymerase. J. Mol. Biol. 1975; 94(32):444–8. DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90213-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Binsztein N., Costagliola M.C., Pichel M., Jurquiza V., Ramírez F.C., Akselman R., Vacchino M., Huq A., Colwell R. Viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 in the aquatic environment of Argentina. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004; 70(12):7481–6. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.12.7481-7486.2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Binsztein N., Costagliola M.C., Pichel M., Jurquiza V., Ramírez F.C., Akselman R., Vacchino M., Huq A., Colwell R. Viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 in the aquatic environment of Argentina. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004; 70(12):7481–6. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.12.7481-7486.2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li H., Li T., Qu J. Stochastic processes govern bacterial communities from the blood of pikas and from their arthropod vectors. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2018; 94(6). DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy082.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li H., Li T., Qu J. Stochastic processes govern bacterial communities from the blood of pikas and from their arthropod vectors. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2018; 94(6). DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy082.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sonenshine D.E., Stewart P.E. Microbiomes of blood-feeding arthropods: genes coding for essential nutrients and relation to vector fitness and pathogenic infections. A review. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(12):2433. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122433.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sonenshine D.E., Stewart P.E. Microbiomes of blood-fee¬ ding arthropods: genes coding for essential nutrients and relation to vector fitness and pathogenic infections. A review. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(12):2433. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122433.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прокопьев В.Н. Причины положительного реагирования на бензидиновую пробу у блох, не пивших крови. В кн.: Степанченко А.И., редактор. Доклады Иркутского противочумного института. Улан-Удэ; 1961. Вып. 1. С. 92–3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prokop’ev V.N. [The causes of positive reaction to benzidine test in fleas that did not drink blood]. In: Stepanchenko A.I., editor. [Proceedings of Irkutsk Anti-Plague Institute]. Ulan-Ude; 1961. Iss. 1. P. 92–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чумакова И.В., Тохов Ю.М. Роль эндопаразитов блох диких грызунов в энзоотии чумы. Медицинская паразитология и паразитарные болезни. 2013; 1:18–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chumakova I.V., Tokhov Yu.M. [Role of endoparasites of fleas of wild rodents in plague enzooty]. Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni [Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases]. 2013; (1):18–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
