microbeПроблемы особо опасных инфекцийProblems of Particularly Dangerous Infections0370-10692658-719XRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”10.21055/0370-1069-2024-2-51-61microbe-1998Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSОральные вакцины для профилактики бактериальных инфекций: стратегии и перспективы разработокOral Vaccines for Prevention of Bacterial Infections: Development Strategies and Prospectshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3540-1176СветочТ. Э.SvetochT. E.

Cветоч Татьяна Эдуардовна,

142279, Московская область, г.о. Серпухов, р.п. Оболенск, Территория «Квартал А», 24

Tatiana E. Svetoch, 

24 “Block A” Territory, Obolensk, urban district Serpukhov, Moscow Region, 142279

tanyasvetoch@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9223-2105ТруняковаА. С.TrunyakovaA. S.

142279, Московская область, г.о. Серпухов, р.п. Оболенск, Территория «Квартал А», 24

24 “Block A” Territory, Obolensk, urban district Serpukhov, Moscow Region, 142279

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1996-8949ДентовскаяС. В.DentovskayaS. V.

142279, Московская область, г.о. Серпухов, р.п. Оболенск, Территория «Квартал А», 24

24 “Block A” Territory, Obolensk, urban district Serpukhov, Moscow Region, 142279

ФБУН «Государственный научный центр прикладной микробиологии и биотехнологии»РоссияState Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and BiotechnologyRussian Federation202425062024025161Copyright © Светоч Т.Э., Трунякова А.С., Дентовская С.В., 20242024Светоч Т.Э., Трунякова А.С., Дентовская С.В.Svetoch T.E., Trunyakova A.S., Dentovskaya S.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/1998

Оральные вакцины привлекают все больше внимания из-за простоты введения, меньшей инвазивности и большей безопасности в целом. В обзоре обсуждаются преимущества перорального способа вакцинации, позволяющего стимулировать гуморальные и клеточные иммунные реакции на системном уровне и слизистых оболочках для обеспечения более широкой и долговременной защиты. Проанализированы аспекты, связанные со строением кишечника и иммунологическим распознаванием антигена в ходе процесса трансформации после проникновения в кишечник. Рассмотрены подходы, применяемые для повышения эффективности оральных вакцин. Обсуждаются такие проблемы, как нестабильность и недостаточная эффективность оральных вакцин, а также недавние разработки адъювантов и систем доставки на основе минеральных солей, веществ микробного происхождения, сапонинов, полимеров, микро- и наночастиц, липосом, обладающих потенциалом для повышения эффективности оральных вакцин. Дан краткий анализ лицензированных оральных вакцин и обобщены данные по разработке прототипов вакцинных препаратов с использованием современных методов генетики, молекулярной биологии и иммунологии, а также механизмов индуцирования иммунного ответа.

Oral vaccines are drawing more attention due to their ease of administration, lesser invasiveness, and greater safety in general. The review discusses the benefits of oral vaccination in stimulating humoral and cellular immune responses at the systemic and mucosal level to provide expanded and longer-lasting protection. Aspects related to the structure of the intestine and immunological recognition of the antigen during the transformation process after penetration into the intestine are analyzed. Approaches used to improve the effectiveness of oral vaccines are considered. Problems such as instability and lack of effectiveness of oral vaccines are discussed, as well as recent developments of adjuvants and delivery systems based on mineral salts, substances of microbial origin, saponins, polymers, micro- and nanoparticles, liposomes, which have the potential to increase the effectiveness of oral vaccines. A brief analysis of licensed oral vaccines is given and the data on the development of prototype vaccine preparations using modern methods of genetics, molecular biology and immunology, as well as the mechanisms of inducing an immune response are summarized.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.