microbeПроблемы особо опасных инфекцийProblems of Particularly Dangerous Infections0370-10692658-719XRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”10.21055/0370-1069-2024-4-35-41microbe-2077Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSО существовании Восточно-Африканского природного мегаочага Yersinia pestis основного подвида античного биовара филогенетической линии 1.ANT: эпидемическая активность, пространственная и биоценотическая структураOn the existence of east African natural Megafocus of Yersinia pestis, Phylogenetic Lineage 1.ANT of the Antique Biovar of the Main Subspecies: epidemic Activity, spatial and Biocenotic structurehttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4099-9261ПоповН. В.PopovN. V.

Попов Николай Владимирович

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

rusrapi@microbe.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1119-6267КутыревИ. В.KutyrevI. V.

111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3а

3a, Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4849-3866ИвановаА. В.IvanovaA. V.

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4115-9486НикифоровК. А.NikiforovK. A.

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-5756ЗубоваА. А.ZubovaA. A.

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9249-2396НейштадтЯ. А.NeishtadtYa. A.

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9576-4959БойкоА. В.BoikoA. V.

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9686-9020КуклевЕ. В.KuklevE. V.

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9512-7415ТопорковВ. П.ToporkovV. P.

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

ФКУН «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб»РоссияRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”Russian FederationФБУН «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии»РоссияCentral Research Institute of EpidemiologyRussian Federation202418122024043541Copyright © Попов Н.В., Кутырев И.В., Иванова А.В., Никифоров К.А., Зубова А.А., Нейштадт Я.А., Бойко А.В., Куклев Е.В., Топорков В.П., 20242024Попов Н.В., Кутырев И.В., Иванова А.В., Никифоров К.А., Зубова А.А., Нейштадт Я.А., Бойко А.В., Куклев Е.В., Топорков В.П.Popov N.V., Kutyrev I.V., Ivanova A.V., Nikiforov K.A., Zubova A.A., Neishtadt Y.A., Boiko A.V., Kuklev E.V., Toporkov V.P.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2077

Полученные результаты анализа эпидемиологических, эпизоотологических и филогенетических данных позволяют предположить, что территория Восточно-Африканского плоскогорья является единым природным мегаочагом античного биовара 1.ANT основного подвида Yersinia pestis. Циркуляция различных геновариантов (1.ANT1, 1.ANT2, 1.ANT3) античного биовара основного подвида Y. pestis происходит в популяциях различных видов дикоживущих и полусинантропных крыс и их специфических эктопаразитов. В границах установленного ареала античного биовара 1.ANT основного подвида Y. pestis эпизоотические проявления приурочены к густозаселенным районам Демократической Республики Конго (ДРК), Уганды, Кении, Танзании, Замбии и Малави. К потенциально энзоотичным по чуме регионам следует относить территории Руанды и Бурунди, а также северные районы Мозамбика. В 2000–2024 гг. в восточноафриканских странах (ДРК, Замбия, Малави, Танзания, Уганда) зарегистрировано более 15,5 тыс. случаев инфицирования чумой, что составляет 54 % от общего числа заболевших на Африканском континенте. Максимальная эпидемическая активность (в среднем 1326 человек в год) восточноафриканских очагов отмечена в 2000–2009 гг. В 2010–2019 гг. показатели заболеваемости в ДРК, Уганде, Танзании значительно снизились (в среднем до 103 человек в год), в Замбии и Малави случаев инфицирования чумой не выявлено. В 2020–2024 гг. эпидемические осложнения по чуме продолжали регистрировать только на территории ДРК. Сохранение постоянных рисков инфицирования обусловлено высокой плотностью и интенсивностью контактов сельского населения с природно-очаговыми комплексами Восточно-Африканского плоскогорья. Высокая заболеваемость чумой определяется также вспышками антропонозной бубонной чумы, связанными с обилием блох Pulex irritans в сельских населенных пунктах.

The obtained results of the epidemiological, epizootiological, and phylogenetic data analysis suggest that the territory of the East African plateau is a one natural mega-focus of Yersinia pestis belonging to antique biovar 1.ANT of the main subspecies. The circulation of various genovariants (1.ANT1, 1.ANT2, 1.ANT3) of Y. pestis, antique biovar of the main subspecies, occurs in populations of various species of wild-living and semi-synanthropic rats and their specific ectoparasites. Within the boundaries of the established areal of antique biovar 1.ANT of the main subspecies of Y. pestis epizootic manifestations are confined to densely populated areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Malawi. Potentially plague enzootic regions should include the territories of Rwanda and Burundi, as well as the northern regions of Mozambique. In 2000–2024, more than 15.5 thousand cases of plague infection were registered in East African countries (DRC, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda), which is 54 % of the total number of cases on the African continent. The maximum epidemic activity (on average 1,326 people per year) of the East African megafocus was noted in 2000–2009. In 2010–2019, the incidence rates in the DRC, Uganda, and Tanzania decreased significantly (to an average of 103 people per year), and no cases of plague infection were detected in Zambia and Malawi. In 2020–2024, epidemic complications of plague continued to be recorded only in the territory of the DRC. The persistence of constant risks of infection is determined by the high population density and intensity of contacts between the rural population and the natural-focal complexes of the East African plateau. The high incidence of plague is also due to the development of outbreaks of anthroponotic bubonic plague associated with the abundance of Pulex irritans fleas in rural areas.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.