<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2024-4-115-123</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-2086</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Результаты двухлетнего мониторинга за соблюдением требований санитарного законодательства в инфекционных госпиталях Российской Федерации для лечения больных с COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Results of Two-Year Monitoring of Compliance with the Requirements of Sanitary Legislation in Infectious Diseases Hospitals of the Russian Federation for the Treatment of Patients with COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3223-8219</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>620030, Екатеринбург, ул. Летняя, 23;</p><p>620028, Екатеринбург, ул. Репина, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>23, Letnyaya St., Yekaterinburg, 620030;</p><p>3, Repina St., Yekaterinburg, 620028</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9749-4611</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смирнова Светлана Сергеевна</p><p>620030, Екатеринбург, ул. Летняя, 23;</p><p>620028, Екатеринбург, ул. Репина, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana S. Smirnova</p><p>23, Letnyaya St., Yekaterinburg, 620030;</p><p>3, Repina St., Yekaterinburg, 620028</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">smirnova_ss@niivirom.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7153-2827</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егоров</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>620030, Екатеринбург, ул. Летняя, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>23, Letnyaya St., Yekaterinburg, 620030</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7018-7582</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жуйков</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuikov</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>620030, Екатеринбург, ул. Летняя, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>23, Letnyaya St., Yekaterinburg, 620030</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научно-исследовательский институт вирусных инфекций «Виром»;&#13;
ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Institute of Viral Infections “Virom” of the Rospotrebnadzor;&#13;
Ural State Medical University of the ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научно-исследовательский институт вирусных инфекций «Виром»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Institute of Viral Infections “Virom” of the Rospotrebnadzor</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>115</fpage><lpage>123</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Семенов А.В., Смирнова С.С., Егоров И.А., Жуйков Н.Н., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Семенов А.В., Смирнова С.С., Егоров И.А., Жуйков Н.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Semenov A.V., Smirnova S.S., Egorov I.A., Zhuikov N.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2086">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2086</self-uri><abstract><p>В условиях пандемии COVID-19 проблема биологической безопасности пациентов и персонала медицинских организаций вышла на новый уровень. Особенности функционирования инфекционных госпиталей для лечения больных COVID-19 привели к формированию искусственной экосистемы, в которой сформировались условия для активной циркуляции вирусных и бактериальных патогенов. Цель исследования – проведение анализа данных мониторинга соблюдения требований санитарного законодательства в инфекционных госпиталях Российской Федерации, где проходят лечение пациенты с COVID-19, за двухлетний период. Материалы и методы. Проведен ретроспективный эпидемиологический анализ базы данных, созданной в Microsoft Office Excel, объемом 8,73 МБ, сформированной по данным результатов еженедельного мониторинга соблюдения требований санитарного законодательства в инфекционных госпиталях Российской Федерации для лечения больных COVID19, в системе report.gsen.ru за период с 42-й недели 2021 г. по 42-ю неделю 2023 г. В анализ включены сведения о выполнении требований санитарного законодательства в 614 инфекционных госпиталях для лечения больных COVID-19 с общим коечным фондом 37 270 коек, в том числе 5 961 – реанимационных. Результаты и обсуждение. Обследование инфекционных госпиталей органами Роспотребнадзора проводилось преимущественно в рамках санитарно-эпидемиологических расследований, основные нарушения санитарного законодательства касались вопросов дезинфекции (27,7 %), обеспечения персонала средствами индивидуальной защиты (13,4 %) и разграничения потоков разной степени эпидемиологической значимости (12,3 %). Уровень контаминации объектов больничной среды инфекционных госпиталей SARS-CoV-2 и условно-патогенными микроорганизмами (УПМ) составил 0,3 и 0,6 % соответственно. Бактериальная микрофлора, выделенная из биологического материала пациентов и объектов больничной среды инфекционных госпиталей, была сопоставима между собой и представлена семействами Staphylococcus, Enterobacterales (Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia coli) и грамотрицательными неферментирующими бактериями (Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Таким образом, в условиях пандемии и повышенной нагрузки на инфекционные госпитали увеличиваются риски распространения инфекций, связанных с оказанием медицинской помощи (ИСМП), среди персонала и пациентов. Результаты данного исследования необходимо учитывать при проведении контрольно-надзорных мероприятий, эпидемиологических расследований и организации учебно-тренировочных занятий по подготовке медицинских организаций к работе в условиях массового распространения инфекционных заболеваний.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the problem of biological safety of patients and staff of medical organizations has reached a new level. The peculiarities of the functioning of infectious diseases hospitals for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 led to the formation of an artificial ecosystem in which conditions for the active circulation of viral and bacterial pathogens were formed. The aim of the study was to analyze monitoring data on compliance with sanitary legislation requirements in infectious disease hospitals of the Russian Federation where patients with COVID-19 are treated over a two-year period. Materials and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the Microsoft Office Excel database with a volume of 8.73 MB was carried out, based on the results of weekly monitoring of compliance with sanitary legislation in infectious diseases hospitals for the treatment of COVID-19 patients in the Russian Federation in the system report.gsen.ru for the period from week 42 of 2021 to week 42 of 2023. The analysis includes information on compliance with the requirements of sanitary legislation in 614 infectious diseases hospitals for the treatment of COVID-19 patients with a total bed capacity of 37,270, including 5,961 in intensive care units. Results and discussion. The inspection of infectious diseases hospitals by the Rospotrebnadzor bodies was carried out mainly within the framework of sanitary and epidemiological investigations. The main violations of sanitary legislation related to disinfection (27.7 %), provision of personnel with personal protective equipment (13.4 %) and separation of flows of varying degrees of epidemiological significance (12.3 %). The level of contamination of hospital facilities in infectious diseases hospitals with SARS-CoV-2 and opportunistic micro-flora was 0.3 % and 0.6 %, respectively. The opportunistic micro-flora isolated from the biological material of patients and from the objects of the hospital environment of infectious hospitals was comparable to each other, and represented by the families Staphylococcus, Enterobacterales (Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia coli) and gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria (Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Thus, in the context of the pandemic and the increased burden on infectious diseases hospitals, conditions are formed that increase the risks of the spread of HAIs among staff and patients. The results of this study should be taken into account when conducting control and supervisory measures, epidemiological investigations and organizing training sessions to prepare medical organizations to work in conditions of mass spread of infectious diseases.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пандемия COVID-19</kwd><kwd>мониторинг</kwd><kwd>инфекционный госпиталь</kwd><kwd>ИСМП</kwd><kwd>условно-патогенная микрофлора</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19 pandemic</kwd><kwd>monitoring</kwd><kwd>infectious disease hospital</kwd><kwd>HAIs</kwd><kwd>opportunistic pathogens</kwd><kwd>SARSCoV-2</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательская работа «Изучение эпидемического процесса и профилактика вирусных инфекций, связанных с оказанием медицинской помощи (на примере ветряной оспы, норо- и ротавирусной инфекции и др.)», рег. № НИОКТР 121040500099-5.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Research work “Study of the epidemic process and prevention of viral infections associated with the provision of medical care (by the example of chickenpox, norovirus and rotavirus infections, etc.)”, reg. No. research, development and technological work 121040500099-5.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Брико Н.И., Брусина Е.Б., Зуева Л.П., Ковалишена О.В., Стасенко В.Л., Фельдблюм И.В., Шкарин В.В. Стратегия обеспечения эпидемиологической безопасности медицинской деятельности. Вестник Росздравнадзора. 2017; 4:15–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Briko N.I., Brusina E.B., Zueva L.P., Kovalishena O.V., Stasenko V.L., Feldblum I.V., Shkarin V.V. [The strategy of ensuring epidemiological safety of medical activity]. Vestnik Roszdravnadzora [Bulletin of Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare]. 2017; (4):15–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO. Global report on infection prevention and control. 2022. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240051164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO. Global report on infection prevention and control. 2022. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240051164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbas M., Robalo Nunes T., Martischang R., Zingg W., Iten A., Pittet D., Harbarth S. Nosocomial transmission and outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019: the need to protect both patients and healthcare workers. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 2021; 10:7. DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00875-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbas M., Robalo Nunes T., Martischang R., Zingg W., Iten A., Pittet D., Harbarth S. Nosocomial transmission and outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019: the need to protect both patients and healthcare workers. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 2021; 10:7.DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00875-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borges V., Isidro J., Macedo F., Neves J., Silva L., Paiva M., Barata J., Catarino J., Ciobanu L., Duarte S., Vieira L., Guiomar R., Gomes J.P. Nosocomial outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a “NonCOVID-19” hospital ward: virus genome sequencing as a key tool to understand cryptic transmission. Viruses. 2021; 13(4):604. DOI: 10.3390/v13040604.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borges V., Isidro J., Macedo F., Neves J., Silva L., Paiva M., Barata J., Catarino J., Ciobanu L., Duarte S., Vieira L., Guiomar R., Gomes J.P. Nosocomial outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a “NonCOVID-19” hospital ward: virus genome sequencing as a key tool to understand cryptic transmission. Viruses. 2021; 13(4):604. DOI: 10.3390/v13040604.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X., Zhou Q., He Y., Liu L., Ma X., Wei X., Jiang N., Liang L., Zheng Y., Ma L., Xu Y., Yang D., Zhang J., Yang B., Jiang N., Deng T., Zhai B., Gao Y., Liu W., Bai X., Pan T., Wang G., Chang Y., Zhang Z., Shi H., Ma W.L., Gao Z. Nosocomial outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Eur. Respir. J. 2020; 55(6):2000544. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00544-2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X., Zhou Q., He Y., Liu L., Ma X., Wei X., Jiang N., Liang L., Zheng Y., Ma L., Xu Y., Yang D., Zhang J., Yang B., Jiang N., Deng T., Zhai B., Gao Y., Liu W., Bai X., Pan T., Wang G., Chang Y., Zhang Z., Shi H., Ma W.L., Gao Z. Nosocomial outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Eur. Respir. J. 2020; 55(6):2000544. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00544-2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leal J., O’Grady H.M., Armstrong L., Dixit D., Khawaja Z., Snedeker K., Ellison J., Erebor J., Jamieson P., Weiss A., Salcedo D., Roberts K., Wiens K., Croxen M.A., Berenger B.M., Pabbaraju K., Lin Y.C., Evans D., Conly J.M. Patient and ward related risk factors in a multi-ward nosocomial outbreak of COVID-19: Outbreak investigation and matched case-control study. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 2023; 12(1):21. DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01215-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leal J., O’Grady H.M., Armstrong L., Dixit D., Khawaja Z., Snedeker K., Ellison J., Erebor J., Jamieson P., Weiss A., Salcedo D., Roberts K., Wiens K., Croxen M.A., Berenger B.M., Pabbaraju K., Lin Y.C., Evans D., Conly J.M. Patient and ward related risk factors in a multi-ward nosocomial outbreak of COVID-19: Outbreak inves- tigation and matched case-control study. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 2023; 12(1):21. DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01215-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">О состоянии санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения в Российской Федерации в 2021 году: Государственный доклад. М.: Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; 2022. 340 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[On the State of Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-being of the Population in the Russian Federation in 2021: State Report]. Moscow: Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumers Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 2022. 340 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Брусина Е.Б., Зуева Л.П., Ковалишена О.В., Стасенко В.Л., Фельдблюм И.В., Брико Н.И., Акимкин В.Г. Инфекции, связанные с оказанием медицинской помощи: современная доктрина профилактики. Часть 2. Основные положения. Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2018; 17(6):4–10. DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-6-4-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brusina E.B., Zuyeva L.P., Kovalishena O.V., Stasenko V.L., Feldblium I.V., Briko N.I., Akimkin V.G. [Healthcare-associated in- fections: modern doctrine of prophylaxis. Part II. Basic concept]. Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika [Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention]. 2018; 17(6):4–10. DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-6-4-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егоров И.А., Смирнова С.С., Мищенко В.А., Вялых И.В., Маркарян А.Ю., Жуйков Н.Н., Романов С.В., Пономарёва А.В., Чистякова И.В., Килячина А.С., Аверьянов О.Ю., Смирнова В.А., Большакова А.Н., Верник Е.В., Пушкарёва Н.А., Семёнов А.В. Особенности вирусно-бактериальной контаминации объектов больничной среды инфекционного госпиталя для лечения больных COVID-19 в период пандемии. Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2022; 21(6):13–23. DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2022-21-6-13-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egorov I.A., Smirnova S.S., Mishchenko V.A., Vialykh I.V., Markarian A.Yu., Zhuikov N.N., Romanov S.V., Ponomareva A.V., Chistiakova I.V., Kiliachina A.S., Averianov O.Yu., Smirnova V.A., Bolshakova А.N., Vernik E.V., Pushkareva N.A., Semenov A.V. [Characteristic of viral and bacterial contamination in objects of the infectious hospital environment of the hospital for the treatment of pa- tients with COVID-19 during the pandemic period]. Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika [Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention]. 2022; 21(6):13–23. DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2022-21-6-13-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gómez-Ochoa S.A., Franco O.H., Rojas L.Z., Raguindin P.F., Roa-Díaz Z.M., Wyssmann B.M., Guevara S.L.R., Echeverría L.E., Glisic M., Muka T. COVID-19 in health-care workers: a li ving systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2021; 190(1):161–75. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gómez-Ochoa S.A., Franco O.H., Rojas L.Z., Raguindin P.F., Roa-Díaz Z.M., Wyssmann B.M., Guevara S.L.R., Echeverría L.E., Glisic M., Muka T. COVID-19 in health-care workers: a li ving systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, risk fac- tors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2021; 190(1):161–75. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nguyen L.H., Drew D.A., Graham M.S., Joshi A.D., Guo C.G., Ma W., Mehta R.S., Warner E.T., Sikavi D.R., Lo C.H., Kwon S., Song M., Mucci L.A., Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C., Eliassen A.H., Hart J.E., Chavarro J.E., Rich-Edwards J.W., Davies R., Capdevila J., Lee K.A., Lochlainn M.N., Varsavsky T., Sudre C.H., Cardoso M.J., Wolf J., Spector T.D., Ourselin S., Steves C.J., Chan A.T.; CO ronavirus Pandemic Epidemiology Consortium. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2020; 5(9):e475-e483. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30164-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nguyen L.H., Drew D.A., Graham M.S., Joshi A.D., Guo C.G., Ma W., Mehta R.S., Warner E.T., Sikavi D.R., Lo C.H., Kwon S., Song M., Mucci L.A., Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C., Eliassen A.H., Hart J.E., Chavarro J.E., Rich-Edwards J.W., Davies R., Capdevila J., Lee K.A., Lochlainn M.N., Varsavsky T., Sudre C.H., Cardoso M.J., Wolf J., Spector T.D., Ourselin S., Steves C.J., Chan A.T.; CO ronavirus Pandemic Epidemiology Consortium. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2020; 5(9):e475- e483. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30164-X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кутырев В.В., Попова А.Ю., Смоленский В.Ю., Ежлова Е.Б., Демина Ю.В., Сафронов В.А., Карнаухов И.Г., Иванова А.В., Щербакова С.А. Эпидемиологические особенности новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19). Сообщение 1: Модели реализации профилактических и противоэпидемических мероприятий. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2020; 1:6–13. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2020-1-6-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kutyrev V.V., Popova A.Yu., Smolensky V.Yu., Ezhlova E.B., Demina Yu.V., Safronov V.A., Karnaukhov I.G., Ivanova A.V., Shcherbakova S.A. [Epidemiological features of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Communication 1: Modes of implementa- tion of preventive and anti-epidemic measures]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2020; (1):6–13. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2020-1-6-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ran L., Chen X., Wang Y., Wu W., Zhang L., Tan X. Risk factors of healthcare workers with coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study in a designated hospital of wuhan in China. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020; 71(16):2218–21. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa287.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ran L., Chen X., Wang Y., Wu W., Zhang L., Tan X. Risk factors of healthcare workers with coronavirus disease 2019: a ret- rospective cohort study in a designated hospital of wuhan in China. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020; 71(16):2218–21. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa287.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crocamo C., Bachi B., Calabrese A., Callovini T., Cavaleri D., Cioni R.M., Moretti F., Bartoli F., Carra G. Some of us are most at risk: Systematic review and meta-analysis of correlates of depressive symptoms among healthcare workers during the SARS-CoV-2 out-break. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2021; 131:912–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crocamo C., Bachi B., Calabrese A., Callovini T., Cavaleri D., Cioni R.M., Moretti F., Bartoli F., Carra G. Some of us are most at risk: Systematic review and meta-analysis of correlates of depressive symptoms among healthcare workers during the SARS-CoV-2 out- break. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2021; 131:912–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore G., Rickard H., Stevenson D., Aranega-Bou P., Pitman J., Crook A., Davies K., Spencer A., Burton C., Easterbrook L., Love H.E., Summers S., Welch S.R., Wand N., Thompson K.-A., Pottage T., Richards K.S., Dunning J., Bennett A. Detection of SARSCoV-2 within the healthcare environment: a multi-centre study conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in England. J. Hosp. Infect. 2021; 108:189–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore G., Rickard H., Stevenson D., Aranega-Bou P., Pitman J., Crook A., Davies K., Spencer A., Burton C., Easterbrook L., Love H.E., Summers S., Welch S.R., Wand N., Thompson K.-A., Pottage T., Richards K.S., Dunning J., Bennett A. Detection of SARSCoV-2 within the healthcare environment: a multi-centre study con- ducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in England. J. Hosp. Infect. 2021; 108:189–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ge T., Lu Y., Zheng S., Zhuo L., Yu L., Ni Z., Zhou Y., Ni L., Qu T., Zhong Z. Evaluation of disinfection procedures in a designated hospital for COVID-19. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2021; 49(4):447–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.08.028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ge T., Lu Y., Zheng S., Zhuo L., Yu L., Ni Z., Zhou Y., Ni L., Qu T., Zhong Z. Evaluation of disinfection procedures in a designated hospital for COVID-19. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2021; 49(4):447–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.08.028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Toole R.F. The interface between COVID-19 and bacterial healthcare-associated infections. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2021; 27(12):1772–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Toole R.F. The interface between COVID-19 and bacte- rial healthcare-associated infections. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2021; 27(12):1772–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu S., Wang Y., Jin X., Tian J., Liu J., Mao Y. Environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in a designated hospital for coronavirus disease 2019. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2020; 48(8):910–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu S., Wang Y., Jin X., Tian J., Liu J., Mao Y. Environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in a designated hospital for corona- virus disease 2019. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2020; 48(8):910–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo Z.D., Wang Z.Y., Zhang S.F., Li X., Li L., Li C., Cui Y., Fu R.B., Dong Y.Z., Chi X.Y., Zhang M.Y., Liu K., Cao C., Liu B., Zhang K., Gao Y.W., Lu B., Chen W. Aerosol and surface distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospital wards, Wuhan, China, 2020. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2020; 26(7):1583–91. DOI: 10.3201/eid2607.200885.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo Z.D., Wang Z.Y., Zhang S.F., Li X., Li L., Li C., Cui Y., Fu R.B., Dong Y.Z., Chi X.Y., Zhang M.Y., Liu K., Cao C., Liu B., Zhang K., Gao Y.W., Lu B., Chen W. Aerosol and surface distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospital wards, Wuhan, China, 2020. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2020; 26(7):1583–91. DOI: 10.3201/eid2607.200885.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryu B.H., Cho Y., Cho O.H., Hong S.I., Kim S., Lee S. Environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2020; 48(8):875–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryu B.H., Cho Y., Cho O.H., Hong S.I., Kim S., Lee S. Environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2020; 48(8):875–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marotz C., Belda-Ferre P., Ali F., Das P., Huang S., Cantrell K., Jiang L., Martino C., Diner R.E., Rahman G., McDonald D., Armstrong G., Kodera S., Donato S., Ecklu-Mensah G., Gottel N., Salas Garcia M.C., Chiang L.Y., Salido R.A., Shaffer J.P., Bryant M.K., Sanders K., Humphrey G., Ackermann G., Haiminen N., Beck K.L., Kim H.C., Carrieri A.P., Parida L., Vázquez-Baeza Y., Torriani F.J., Knight R., Gilbert J., Sweeney D.A., Allard S.M. SARS-CoV-2 detection status associates with bacterial community composition in patients and the hospital environment. Microbiome. 2021; 9(1):132. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01083-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marotz C., Belda-Ferre P., Ali F., Das P., Huang S., Cantrell K., Jiang L., Martino C., Diner R.E., Rahman G., McDonald D., Armstrong G., Kodera S., Donato S., Ecklu-Mensah G., Gottel N., Salas Garcia M.C., Chiang L.Y., Salido R.A., Shaffer J.P., Bryant M.K., Sanders K., Humphrey G., Ackermann G., Haiminen N., Beck K.L., Kim H.C., Carrieri A.P., Parida L., Vázquez-Baeza Y., Torriani F.J., Knight R., Gilbert J., Sweeney D.A., Allard S.M. SARS-CoV-2 detection status associates with bacterial community composition in patients and the hospital environment. Microbiome. 2021; 9(1):132. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01083-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hemati S., Mobini G.R., Heidari M., Rahmani F., Soleymani Babadi A., Farhadkhani M., Nourmoradi H., Raeisi A., Ahmadi A., Khodabakhshi A., Sadeghi M., Bagheri M., Validi M., Taghipour S., Mohammadi-Moghadam F. Simultaneous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2, bacteria, and fungi in indoor air of hospital: a study on Hajar Hospital in Shahrekord, Iran. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2021; 28(32):43792–802. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13628-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hemati S., Mobini G.R., Heidari M., Rahmani F., Soleymani Babadi A., Farhadkhani M., Nourmoradi H., Raeisi A., Ahmadi A., Khodabakhshi A., Sadeghi M., Bagheri M., Validi M., Taghipour S., Mohammadi-Moghadam F. Simultaneous monitoring of SARS- CoV-2, bacteria, and fungi in indoor air of hospital: a study on Hajar Hospital in Shahrekord, Iran. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2021; 28(32):43792–802. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13628-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minich J.J., Ali F., Marotz C., Belda-Ferre P., Chiang L., Shaffer J.P., Carpenter C.S., McDonald D., Gilbert J., Allard S.M., Allen E.E., Knight R., Sweeney D.A., Swafford A.D. Feasibility of using alternative swabs and storage solutions for paired SARS-CoV-2 detection and microbiome analysis in the hospital environment. Microbiome. 2021; 9(1):25. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00960-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minich J.J., Ali F., Marotz C., Belda-Ferre P., Chiang L., Shaffer J.P., Carpenter C.S., McDonald D., Gilbert J., Allard S.M., Allen E.E., Knight R., Sweeney D.A., Swafford A.D. Feasibility of using alternative swabs and storage solutions for paired SARS-CoV-2 detection and microbiome analysis in the hospital environment. Microbiome. 2021; 9(1):25. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00960-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pochtovyi A.A., Vasina D.V., Kustova D.D., Divisenko E.V., Kuznetsova N.A., Burgasova O.A., Kolobukhina L.V., Tkachuk A.P., Gushchin V.A., Gintsburg A.L. Contamination of hospital surfaces with bacterial pathogens under the current COVID-19 outbreak. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9042. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179042.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pochtovyi A.A., Vasina D.V., Kustova D.D., Divisenko E.V., Kuznetsova N.A., Burgasova O.A., Kolobukhina L.V., Tkachuk A.P., Gushchin V.A., Gintsburg A.L. Contamination of hospital sur- faces with bacterial pathogens under the current COVID-19 out- break. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9042. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179042.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнова С.С., Жуйков Н.Н., Егоров И.А., Пушкарева Н.А., Семенов А.В. Сравнительный анализ методов отбора проб смывов с объектов внешней среды для оценки вируснобактериальной контаминации. Здоровье населения и среда обитания. 2023; 31(4):77–84. DOI: 10.35627/2219-5238/2023-31-4-77-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnova S.S., Zhuikov N.N., Egorov I.A., Pushkareva N.A., Semenov A.V. [Comparative analysis of methods of environ- mental surface sampling for assessment of viral and bacterial con- tamination]. Zdorov’e Naseleniya i Sreda Obitaniya [Public Health and Life Environment]. 2023; 31(4):77–84. DOI: 10.35627/2219- 5238/2023-31-4-77-84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
