<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2025-2-72-78</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-2166</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Выявление и генотипирование патогенных лептоспир, циркулирующих среди грызунов на территории Санкт-Петербурга</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Identification and Genotyping of Pathogenic Leptospira Circulating among Rodents in the City of St. Petersburg</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0145-2653</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баимова</surname><given-names>Р. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baimova</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14, Mira St., Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">baimova@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8738-3021</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябико</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Riabiko</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14, Mira St., Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-5736</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гречишкина</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grechishkina</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14, Mira St., Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3820-7106</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кармоков</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karmokov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14, Mira St., Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0599-4302</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халилов</surname><given-names>Э. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khalilov</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14, Mira St., Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8112-7879</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лызенко</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyzenko</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14, Mira St., Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5832-4966</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лунина</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lunina</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14, Mira St., Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2270-8897</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Останкова</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostankova</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14, Mira St., Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6433-3486</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Токаревич</surname><given-names>Н. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tokarevich</surname><given-names>N. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14, Mira St., Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9273-8223</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Желтакова</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zheltakova</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>198035, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Невельская, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Nevel’skaya St., Saint Petersburg, 198035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1430-7180</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чмырь</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chmyr</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>198035, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Невельская, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Nevel’skaya St., Saint Petersburg, 198035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Северо-Западная противочумная станция»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Northwest Plague Control Station</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Баимова Р.Р., Рябико Е.Г., Гречишкина Д.И., Кармоков И.А., Халилов Э.С., Лызенко И.С., Лунина Г.А., Останкова Ю.В., Токаревич Н.К., Желтакова И.Р., Чмырь И.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Баимова Р.Р., Рябико Е.Г., Гречишкина Д.И., Кармоков И.А., Халилов Э.С., Лызенко И.С., Лунина Г.А., Останкова Ю.В., Токаревич Н.К., Желтакова И.Р., Чмырь И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Baimova R.R., Riabiko E.G., Grechishkina D.I., Karmokov I.A., Khalilov E.S., Lyzenko I.S., Lunina G.A., Ostankova Y.V., Tokarevich N.K., Zheltakova I.R., Chmyr I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2166">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2166</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель – определение инфицированности различными геномовидами лептоспир диких и синантропных мелких млекопитающих, собранных на территории Санкт-Петербурга. Материалы и методы. Сбор диких и синантропных мелких млекопитающих проводился с сентября по октябрь 2021 г. с использованием ловушек типа Геро в Курортном и Кировском районах Санкт-Петербурга. Исследование образцов на наличие ДНК Leptospira spp. проводилось методом ПЦР с использованием праймеров, подобранных по фрагменту гена lipL32. Генотипирование образцов проводили с использованием праймеров по фрагментам генов secY и rpoB. Результаты и обсуждение. ДНК патогенных лептоспир выявлена в 8 образцах, что составило (4,2±1,5) % от общего количества образцов (190). Инфицированность серых крыс, собранных на территории Кировского района, составила (11,1±5,2) % (4/36). Инфицированность диких грызунов, собранных на территории Курортного района, – у желтогорлых мышей (3,7±2,6) % (2/54), а у рыжих полевок (2,0±1,4) % (2/100). По результатам анализа последовательностей, полученных при секвенировании, выявлена циркуляция двух патогенных видов лептоспир – L. interrogans и L. borgpetersenii. Полученные нами результаты подтверждают циркуляцию лептоспир как среди диких, так и среди синантропных мелких млекопитающих. Филогенетические виды патогенных лептоспир, выявленные в нашем исследовании, типичны и ассоциированы с исследованными грызунами. С целью профилактики заболевания людей необходимо продолжать исследования, направленные на выявление циркуляции возбудителей в популяциях диких и синантропных мелких млекопитающих. Необходимо проведение дератизационных мероприятий и мероприятий, направленных на разъяснение жителям Санкт-Петербурга мер защиты и профилактики.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the work was to determine the rate of infection by various Leptospira genomospecies of wild and synanthropic small mammals collected on the territory of St. Petersburg. Materials and methods. The capture of wild and synanthropic small mammals was carried out using Gero-type traps in the Kurortny and Kirovsky districts of St. Petersburg between September and October, 2021. The study of samples for the presence of Leptospira spp. DNA was performed applying PCR with primers selected for the lipL32 gene fragment. Genotyping of samples was conducted using primers for fragments of the secY and rpoB genes. Results and discussion. DNA of pathogenic Leptospira was detected in 8 samples, which amounted to (4.2±1.5) % of the total number of samples (190). The infection rate of gray rats collected in the Kirovsky district was (11.1±5.2) % (4/36). The infection rate of wild rodents collected in the Kurortny district was (3.7±2.6) % (2/54) for yellow-throated mice, and (2.0±1.4) % for bank voles (2/100). Based on the results of analysis of sequences obtained, the circulation of two pathogenic Leptospira species, L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii, has been established. Our results confirm the circulation of Leptospira both among wild and synanthropic small mammals. The phylogenetic species of pathogenic Leptospira identified in our study are typical and associated with the studied rodents. In order to prevent the disease in humans, it is necessary to continue research aimed at identifying the circulation of pathogens in populations of wild and synanthropic small mammals. Deratization and activities aimed at educating residents of St. Petersburg about protection and prevention measures are required.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лептоспиры</kwd><kwd>лептоспироз</kwd><kwd>грызуны</kwd><kwd>Санкт-Петербург</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>leptospira</kwd><kwd>leptospirosis</kwd><kwd>rodents</kwd><kwd>St. Petersburg</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Her R., Crespin L., Etougbétché J., Groud K., Gnolonfoun M., Chapron A., Evenamia C., Houéménou G., Lurier T., Cappelle J., Dobigny G., Ayral F. Seroprevalence and renal carriage of pathogenic Leptospira in livestock in Cotonou, Benin. Vet. Med. Sci. 2024; 10(3):e1430. DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1430</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Her R., Crespin L., Etougbétché J., Groud K., Gnolonfoun M., Chapron A., Evenamia C., Houéménou G., Lurier T., Cappelle J., Dobigny G., Ayral F. Seroprevalence and renal carriage of pathogenic Leptospira in livestock in Cotonou, Benin. Vet. Med. Sci. 2024; 10(3):e1430. DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1430</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Транквилевский Д.В., Киселева Е.Ю., Корзун В.М., Бренёва Н.В., Вержуцкая Ю.А., Зарва И.Д., Скударева О.Н., Балахонов С.В. Эпизоотолого-эпидемиологическая ситуация по лептоспирозам в Российской Федерации в период с 2013 по 2022 г. и прогноз на 2023 г. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2023; (3):43–50. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2023-3-43-50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trankvilevsky D.V., Kiseleva E.Yu., Korzun V.M., Breneva N.V., Verzhutskaya Yu.A., Zarva I.D., Skudareva O.N., Balakhonov S.V. Epizootiological and epidemiological situation on leptospirosis in the Russian Federation over the period of 2013–2022 and the forecast for 2023. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2023; (3):43–50. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2023-3-43-50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Izquierdo-Rodríguez E., Fernández-Álvarez Á., Martín-Carrillo N., Marchand B., Feliu C., Miquel J., Foronda P., Quilichini Y. Pathogenic Leptospira species in rodents from Corsica (France). PloS One. 2020; 15(6):e0233776. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233776.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Izquierdo-Rodríguez E., Fernández-Álvarez Á., MartínCarrillo N., Marchand B., Feliu C., Miquel J., Foronda P., Quilichini Y. Pathogenic Leptospira species in rodents from Corsica (France). PloS One. 2020; 15(6):e0233776. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233776.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boey K., Shiokawa K., Rajeev S. Leptospira infection in rats: A literature review of global prevalence and distribution. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2019; 13(8):e0007499. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pntd.0007499.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boey K., Shiokawa K., Rajeev S. Leptospira infection in rats: A literature review of global prevalence and distribution. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2019; 13(8):e0007499. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pntd.0007499.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loan H.K., Van Cuong N., Takhampunya R., Kiet B.T., Campbell J., Them L.N., Bryant J.E., Tippayachai B., Van Hoang N., Morand S., Hien V.B., Carrique-Mas J.J. How important are rats as vectors of leptospirosis in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015; 15(1):56–64. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1613.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loan H.K., Van Cuong N., Takhampunya R., Kiet B.T., Campbell J., Them L.N., Bryant J.E., Tippayachai B., Van Hoang N., Morand S., Hien V.B., Carrique-Mas J.J. How important are rats as vectors of leptospirosis in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015; 15(1):56–64. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1613.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vincent A.T., Schiettekatte O., Goarant C., Neela V.K., Bernet E., Thibeaux R., Ismail N., Mohd Khalid M.K.N., Amran F., Masuzawa T., Nakao R., Amara Korba A., Bourhy P., Veyrier F.J., Picardeau M. Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2019; 13(5):e0007270. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pntd.0007270.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vincent A.T., Schiettekatte O., Goarant C., Neela V.K., Bernet E., Thibeaux R., Ismail N., Mohd Khalid M.K.N., Amran F., Masuzawa T., Nakao R., Amara Korba A., Bourhy P., Veyrier F.J., Picardeau M. Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2019; 13(5):e0007270. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pntd.0007270.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баимова Р.Р., Рябико Е.Г., Останкова Ю.В., Токаревич Н.К. Оптимизация способа детекции и генотипирования патогенных лептоспир в биологических образцах. Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. 2025; 70(3):210–7. DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2025-70-3-210-217.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baimova R.R., Ryabiko E.G., Ostankova Yu.V., Tokarevich N.K. Optimization of the method for detection and genotyping of pathogenic leptospira in biological samples. Klinicheskaya Laboratornaya Diagnostika [Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics]. 2025; 70(3):210–7. DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2025-70-3-210-217.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киселева Е.Ю., Корзун В.М., Борисов С.А., Бренёва Н.В., Тимошенко А.Ф., Шаракшанов М.Б., Балахонов С.В. Современная эпизоотологическая ситуация по лептоспирозам в Прибайкалье. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2021; 6(5):57–67. DOI: 10.29413/ABS.2021-6.5.6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiseleva E.Yu., Korzun V.M., Borisov S.A., Breneva N.V., Timoshenko A.F., Sharakshanov M.B., Balakhanov S.V. Current epizootiological situation on leptospirosis in the Baikal region. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2021; 6(5):57–67. DOI: 10.29413/ABS.2021-6.5.6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flores B., Sheleby-Elias J., Pérez-Sánchez T., Fischer R., Múzquiz J., Fuertes H., Halaihel N., Jirón W., Duttmann C. Leptospira spp. in Rodents from peridomestic sites in endemic regions of Nicaragua. Ecohealth. 2020; 17(4):469–76. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01520-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flores B., Sheleby-Elias J., Pérez-Sánchez T., Fischer R., Múzquiz J., Fuertes H., Halaihel N., Jirón W., Duttmann C. Leptospira spp. in Rodents from peridomestic sites in endemic regions of Nicaragua. Ecohealth. 2020; 17(4):469–76. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01520-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fischer S., Mayer-Scholl A., Imholt C., Spierling N.G., Heuser E., Schmidt S., Reil D., Rosenfeld U.M., Jacob J., Nöckler K., Ulrich R.G. Leptospira genomospecies and sequence type prevalence in small mammal populations in Germany. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2018; 18(4):188–99. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fischer S., Mayer-Scholl A., Imholt C., Spierling N.G., Heuser E., Schmidt S., Reil D., Rosenfeld U.M., Jacob J., Nöckler K., Ulrich R.G. Leptospira genomospecies and sequence type prevalence in small mammal populations in Germany. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2018; 18(4):188–99. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vukićević-Radić O., Matic R., Kataranovski D., Stamenković S. Spatial organization and home range of Apodemus flavicollis and A. agrarius on Mt. Avala, Serbia. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 2006; 52(1):81–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vukićević-Radić O., Matic R., Kataranovski D., Stamenković S. Spatial organization and home range of Apodemus flavicollis and A. agrarius on Mt. Avala, Serbia. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 2006; 52(1):81–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmidt E., Obiegala A., Imholt C., Drewes S., Saathoff M., Freise J., Runge M., Jacob J., Mayer-Scholl A., Ulrich R.G., Pfeffer M. Influence of season, population and individual characteristics on the prevalence of Leptospira spp. in bank voles in NorthWest Germany. Biology (Basel). 2021; 10(9):933. DOI: 10.3390/biology10090933.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmidt E., Obiegala A., Imholt C., Drewes S., Saathoff M., Freise J., Runge M., Jacob J., Mayer-Scholl A., Ulrich R.G., Pfeffer M. Influence of season, population and individual characteristics on the prevalence of Leptospira spp. in bank voles in NorthWest Germany. Biology (Basel). 2021; 10(9):933. DOI: 10.3390/biology10090933.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiani Y.T., Jacob P., Mayora G., Aquino D.S., Quintana R.D., Mesa L. Presence of Leptospira spp. in a mosaic of wetlands used for livestock raising under differing hydroclimatic conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2023; 89(6):e0197122. DOI: 10.1128/aem.01971-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiani Y.T., Jacob P., Mayora G., Aquino D.S., Quintana R.D., Mesa L. Presence of Leptospira spp. in a mosaic of wetlands used for livestock raising under differing hydroclimatic conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2023; 89(6):e0197122. DOI: 10.1128/aem.01971-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shao J.W., Wei Y.H., Yao X.Y., Chen H.Y., Liu H., Sun J., Chen S.Y. Pathogenic Leptospira species are widely disseminated among wild rodents in urban areas of Guangzhou, Southern China. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(5):873. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050873.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shao J.W., Wei Y.H., Yao X.Y., Chen H.Y., Liu H., Sun J., Chen S.Y. Pathogenic Leptospira species are widely disseminated among wild rodents in urban areas of Guangzhou, Southern China. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(5):873. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050873.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cosson J.F., Picardeau M., Mielcarek M., Tatard C., Chaval Y., Suputtamongkol Y., Buchy P., Jittapalapong S., Herbreteau V., Morand S. Epidemiology of leptospira transmitted by rodents in southeast Asia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2014; 8(6):e2902. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002902.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cosson J.F., Picardeau M., Mielcarek M., Tatard C., Chaval Y., Suputtamongkol Y., Buchy P., Jittapalapong S., Herbreteau V., Morand S. Epidemiology of leptospira transmitted by rodents in southeast Asia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2014; 8(6):e2902. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002902.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bulach D.M., Zuerner R.L., Wilson P., Seemann T., McGrath A., Cullen P.A., Davis J., Johnson M., Kuczek E., Alt D.P., Peterson-Burch B., Coppel R.L., Rood J.I., Davies J.K., Adler B. Genome reduction in Leptospira borgpetersenii reflects limited transmission potential. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2006; 103(39):14560–5. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603979103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulach D.M., Zuerner R.L., Wilson P., Seemann T., McGrath A., Cullen P.A., Davis J., Johnson M., Kuczek E., Alt D.P., PetersonBurch B., Coppel R.L., Rood J.I., Davies J.K., Adler B. Genome reduction in Leptospira borgpetersenii reflects limited transmission potential. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2006; 103(39):14560–5. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603979103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krijger I.M., Ahmed A.A.A., Goris M.G.A., Groot Koerkamp P.W.G., Meerburg B.G. Prevalence of Leptospira infection in rodents from Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019; 16(12):2113. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krijger I.M., Ahmed A.A.A., Goris M.G.A., Groot Koerkamp P.W.G., Meerburg B.G. Prevalence of Leptospira infection in rodents from Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019; 16(12):2113. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramli S.R., Bunk B., Spröer C., Geffers R., Jarek M., Bhuju S., Goris M., Mustakim S., Pessler F. Complete genome sequencing of Leptospira interrogans isolates from Malaysia reveals massive genome rearrangement but high conservation of virulenceassociated genes. Pathogens. 2021; 10(9):1198. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramli S.R., Bunk B., Spröer C., Geffers R., Jarek M., Bhuju S., Goris M., Mustakim S., Pessler F. Complete genome sequencing of Leptospira interrogans isolates from Malaysia reveals massive genome rearrangement but high conservation of virulenceassociated genes. Pathogens. 2021; 10(9):1198. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obiegala A., Woll D., Karnath C., Silaghi C., Schex S., Eßbauer S., Pfeffer M. Prevalence and genotype allocation of pathogenic Leptospira species in small mammals from various habitat types in Germany. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2016; 10(3):e0004501. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004501.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obiegala A., Woll D., Karnath C., Silaghi C., Schex S., Eßbauer S., Pfeffer M. Prevalence and genotype allocation of pathogenic Leptospira species in small mammals from various habitat types in Germany. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2016; 10(3):e0004501. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004501.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu J., Chen J., Xiong C., Qin L., Hu B., Liu M., Ren Y., Li Y., Cai K., Chen L., Hou W. Pathogenic Leptospira infections in Hubei Province, Central China. Microorganisms. 2022; 11(1):99. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010099.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu J., Chen J., Xiong C., Qin L., Hu B., Liu M., Ren Y., Li Y., Cai K., Chen L., Hou W. Pathogenic Leptospira infections in Hubei Province, Central China. Microorganisms. 2022; 11(1):99. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010099.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
