<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2025-2-134-144</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-2175</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Встречаемость у природных штаммов туляремийного микроба генетических детерминант, ассоциированных с аттенуацией</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Occurrence of Genetic Determinants Associated with Attenuation in Wild-Type Strains of the Tularemia Microbe</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9190-099X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нарышкина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Naryshkina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0954-5683</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осина</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osina</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7575-653X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Катышев</surname><given-names>С. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Katyshev</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4909-2394</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краснов</surname><given-names>Я. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnov</surname><given-names>Ya. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-7783</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарапова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharapova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7190-4427</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федоров</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8260-4670</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Катышев</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Katyshev</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1332-9580</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ляшова</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyashova</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-0022</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8528-1933</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Девдариани</surname><given-names>З. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Devdariani</surname><given-names>Z. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1143-4069</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербакова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbakova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУН «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>134</fpage><lpage>144</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Нарышкина Е.А., Осина Н.А., Катышев С.Д., Краснов Я.М., Шарапова Н.А., Федоров А.В., Катышев А.Д., Ляшова О.Ю., Осин А.В., Девдариани З.Л., Щербакова С.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нарышкина Е.А., Осина Н.А., Катышев С.Д., Краснов Я.М., Шарапова Н.А., Федоров А.В., Катышев А.Д., Ляшова О.Ю., Осин А.В., Девдариани З.Л., Щербакова С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Naryshkina E.A., Osina N.A., Katyshev S.D., Krasnov Y.M., Sharapova N.A., Fedorov A.V., Katyshev A.D., Lyashova O.Y., Osin A.V., Devdariani Z.L., Shcherbakova S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2175">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2175</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель работы – определение генетических маркеров, ассоциированных с аттенуацией (делеции в RD-18, RD‑19, единичные мутации), у природных штаммов возбудителя туляремии. Материалы и методы. В работе использованы 107 штаммов Francisella tularensis из Государственной коллекции патогенных бактерий ФКУН Российский противочумный институт «Микроб» Роспотребнадзора, а также 1077 геномов F. tularensis из базы данных NCBI GenBank. Культивирование осуществляли на чашках Петри с FT-агаром (ФБУН ГНЦ ПМБ), рН 7,2, посевы инкубировали в течение 36–48 ч при температуре (37±1) °С. Сборку чернового генома осуществляли с помощью пакета программ Unicycler v.0.4.7. С использованием программы snippy v.4.6.0 получена матрица из коровых SNPs. Дендрограмму получали в программе PhyML методом Likelihood c моделью замен GTR. Результаты и обсуждение. Среди изученных штаммов туляремийного микроба выявлено 11 эритромицин-резистентных штаммов F. tularensis филогенетических групп B.12 B.24 и B.12 B.20, содержащих делеции в областях RD-18 и RD-19. Также определены эритромицин-резистентные и эритромицин-чувствительные культуры патогена групп B.12 B.24, B.12 B.20, B.12 B.39 и B.4, B.6 B.10, B.6 B.7 соответственно, имеющие делецию только в области RD-18 – 11 штаммов, и только в RD-19 – 8. Из 11 культур, имеющих делеции в обеих областях, 9 относились к филогенетической группе B.12 B.24 и формировали отдельный кластер, оставшиеся две – к B.12 B.20. Для кластера таких штаммов характерно наличие семи уникальных мутаций, ассоциированных с формированием липолисахарида, метаболизмом ароматических соединений и размножением в макрофагах. У штаммов группы B.12 B.24 выявлены три дополнительные специфичные мутации. Нами определены 29 штаммов возбудителя туляремии (вакцинные, их производные и природные), несущие в разном количестве генетические маркеры, ассоциированные с аттенуацией.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of our work was to determine genetic markers associated with attenuation (deletions in RD-18, RD-19 positions, single mutations) in natural strains of the causative agent of tularemia. Materials and methods. The work used 107 Francisella tularensis strains from the State Collection of Pathogenic Bacteria of the Russian Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”, as well as 1077 F. tularensis genomes provided by the NCBI GenBank database. Cultivation was carried out on Petri dishes with FT-agar (State Research Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology), pH 7.2; the cultures were incubated for 36–48 h at a temperature of (37±1) °С. The draft genome was assembled using the Unicycler v.0.4.7 software package. The snippy v.4.6.0 program was used to obtain a matrix of core SNPs. The dendrogram was drawn in the PhyML program using the Likelihood method with the GTR substitution model. Results and discussion. Among the studied strains of tularemia microbe, eleven erythromycin-resistant strains of F. tularensis of the phylogenetic groups B.12 B.24 and B.12 B.20 were identified, containing deletions in the RD-18 and RD-19 regions. Erythromycinresistant and erythromycin-sensitive cultures of the pathogen of the groups B.12 B.24, B.12 B.20, B.12 B.39 and B.4, B.6 B.10, B.6 B.7, respectively, were also identified, having a deletion only in the RD-18 region – 11 strains, and only in RD-19 – 8. Of the 11 cultures with deletions in both regions, in 9 cases the strains belonged to the phylogenetic group B.12 B.24 and formed a separate cluster, the remaining two – to B.12 B.20. The cluster of such strains is characterized by the presence of seven unique mutations associated with the formation of lipopolysaccharide, metabolism of aromatic compounds and reproduction in macrophages. Three additional specific mutations have been identified for the B.12 B.24 group strains. We have identified 29 strains of the tularemia pathogen (vaccine ones, their derivatives and natural ones), carrying genetic markers associated with attenuation to varying degrees.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Francisella tularensis</kwd><kwd>генетические маркеры</kwd><kwd>ассоциированные с аттенуацией полиморфные нуклеотиды</kwd><kwd>области дифференциации RD-18 и RD-19</kwd><kwd>вакцинные штаммы</kwd><kwd>филогенетическая линия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Francisella tularensis</kwd><kwd>genetic markers</kwd><kwd>attenuation-associated polymorphic nucleotides</kwd><kwd>RD-18 and RD19 differentiation regions</kwd><kwd>vaccine strains</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic lineage</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karlsson E., Golovliov I., Lärkeryd A., Granberg M., Larsson E., Öhrman C., Niemcewicz M., Birdsell D., Wagner D.M., Forsman M., Johansson A. Clonality of erythromycin resistance in Francisella tularensis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2016; 71(10):2815–23. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karlsson E., Golovliov I., Lärkeryd A., Granberg M., Larsson E., Öhrman C., Niemcewicz M., Birdsell D., Wagner D.M., Forsman M., Johansson A. Clonality of erythromycin resistance in Francisella tularensis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2016; 71(10):2815–23. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colquhoun D.J., Larsson P., Duodu S., Forsman M. The family Francisellaceae. In: Rosenberg E., DeLong E.F., Lory S., Stackebrandt E., Thompson F., editors. The Prokaryotes. Gammaproteobacteria. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. P. 287–314. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38922-1_236.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colquhoun D.J., Larsson P., Duodu S., Forsman M. The family Francisellaceae. In: Rosenberg E., DeLong E.F., Lory S., Stackebrandt E., Thompson F., editors. The Prokaryotes. Gammaproteobacteria. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. P. 287–314. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38922-1_236.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудрявцева Т.Ю., Попов В.П., Мокриевич А.Н., Куликалова Е.С., Холин А.В., Мазепа А.В., Борзенко М.А., Черепанова Е.А., Матвеева В.А., Транквилевский Д.В., Храмов М.В., Дятлов И.А. Анализ эпизоотологической и эпидемиологической ситуации по туляремии на территории Российской Федерации в 2023 г. и прогноз на 2024 г. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2024; (1):17–29. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2024-1-17-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudryavtseva T.Yu., Popov V.P., Mokrievich A.N., Kulikalova E.S., Kholin A.V., Mazepa A.V., Borzenko M.A., Cherepanova E.A., Matveeva V.A., Trankvilevsky D.V., Khramov M.V., Dyatlov I.A. [Analysis of the epizootiological and epidemiological situation on tularemia in the Russian Federation in 2023 and forecast for 2024]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2024; (1):17–29. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2024-1-17-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кутырев В.В., Девдариани З.Л., Саяпина Л.В. Современное состояние научных исследований в области вакцинопрофилактики особо опасных бактериальных инфекций. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2006; (2):18–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kutyrev V.V., Devdariani Z.L., Sayapina L.V. [Current state of scientific research in the field of vaccine prevention of particularly dangerous bacterial infections]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2006; (2):18–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саяпина Л.В., Бондарев В.П., Олефир Ю.В. Современное состояние вакцинопрофилактики особо опасных инфекций. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2016; (2):107–10. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2016-2-107-110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sayapina L.V., Bondarev V.P., Olefir Yu.V. [Current state of the vaccine prophylaxis of particularly dangerous infections]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2016; (2):107–10. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2016-2-107-110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саяпина Л.В., Хорева И.И., Байдалова Н.П., Горяев А.А., Давыдов Д.С., Поступайло В.Б., Меркулов В.А. Оценка остаточной вирулентности вакцинного штамма Francisella tularensis 15 НИИЭГ по данным многолетних наблюдений. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2018; (1):98–102. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2018-1-98-102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sayapina L.V., Khoreva I.I., Baidalova N.P., Goryaev A.A., Davydov D.S., Postupailo V.B., Merkulov V.A. [Assessment of residual virulence of the Francisella tularensis 15 NIIEG vaccine strain based on long-term observations]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2018; (1):98–102. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2018-1-98-102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нарышкина Е.А., Краснов Я.М., Альхова Ж.В., Баданин Д.В., Осин А.В., Ляшова О.Ю., Саяпина Л.В., Бондарев В.П., Меркулов В.А., Олефир Ю.В., Кутырев В.В. Полногеномное секвенирование и филогенетический анализ вакцинного штамма Francisella tularensis 15 НИИЭГ. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2020; (2):91–7. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2020-2-91-97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naryshkina E.A., Krasnov Ya.M., Al’khova Zh.V., Badanin D.V., Osin A.V., Lyashova O.Yu., Sayapina L.V., Bondarev V.P., Merkulov V.A., Olefir Yu.V., Kutyrev V.V. [Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the Francisella tularensis 15 NIIEG vaccine strain]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2020; (2):91–7. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2020-2-91-97.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Svensson K., Larsson P., Johansson D., Byström M., Forsman M., Johansson A. Evolution of subspecies of Francisella tularensis. J. Bacteriol. 2005; 187(11):3903–8. DOI: 10.1128/JB.187.11.3903-3908.2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svensson K., Larsson P., Johansson D., Byström M., Forsman M., Johansson A. Evolution of subspecies of Francisella tularensis. J. Bacteriol. 2005; 187(11):3903–8. DOI: 10.1128/JB.187.11.3903-3908.2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaing C.J., McLoughlin K.S., Thissen J.B., Zemla A., Gardner S.N., Vergez L.M., Bourguet F., Mabery S., Fofanov V.Y., Koshinsky H., Jackson P.J. Identification of genome-wide mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant F. tularensis LVS using whole genome tiling arrays and next generation sequencing. PLoS One. 2016; 11(9):e0163458. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163458.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaing C.J., McLoughlin K.S., Thissen J.B., Zemla A., Gardner S.N., Vergez L.M., Bourguet F., Mabery S., Fofanov V.Y., Koshinsky H., Jackson P.J. Identification of genome-wide mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant F. tularensis LVS using whole genome tiling arrays and next generation sequencing. PLoS One. 2016; 11(9):e0163458. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163458.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samrakandi M.M., Zhang C., Zhang M., Nietfeldt J., Kim J., Iwen P.C., Olson M.E., Fey P.D., Duhamel G.E., Hinrichs S.H., Cirillo J.D., Benson A.K. Genome diversity among regional populations of Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis and Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica isolated from the US. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004; 237(1):9–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.06.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samrakandi M.M., Zhang C., Zhang M., Nietfeldt J., Kim J., Iwen P.C., Olson M.E., Fey P.D., Duhamel G.E., Hinrichs S.H., Cirillo J.D., Benson A.K. Genome diversity among regional populations of Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis and Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica isolated from the US. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004; 237(1):9–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.06.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larsson P., Svensson K., Karlsson L., Guala D., Granberg M., Forsman M., Johanssont A. Canonical insertion-deletion markers for rapid DNA typing of Francisella tularensis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007; 13(11):1725–32. DOI: 10.3201/eid1311.070603.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsson P., Svensson K., Karlsson L., Guala D., Granberg M., Forsman M., Johanssont A. Canonical insertion-deletion markers for rapid DNA typing of Francisella tularensis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007; 13(11):1725–32. DOI: 10.3201/eid1311.070603.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogler A.J., Birdsell D., Price L.B., Bowers J.R., Beckstrom-Sternberg S.M., Auerbach R.K., Beckstrom-Sternberg J.S., Johansson A., Clare A., Buchhagen J.L., Petersen J.M., Pearson T., Vaissaire J., Dempsey M.P., Foxall P., Engelthaler D.M., Wagner D.M., Keim P. Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis: global expansion of a highly fit clone. J. Bacteriol. 2009; 191(8): 2474–84. DOI: 10.1128/JB.01786-08.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogler A.J., Birdsell D., Price L.B., Bowers J.R., Beckstrom-Sternberg S.M., Auerbach R.K., Beckstrom-Sternberg J.S., Johansson A., Clare A., Buchhagen J.L., Petersen J.M., Pearson T., Vaissaire J., Dempsey M.P., Foxall P., Engelthaler D.M., Wagner D.M., Keim P. Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis: global expansion of a highly fit clone. J. Bacteriol. 2009; 191(8): 2474–84. DOI: 10.1128/JB.01786-08.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karlsson E., Svensson K., Lindgren P., Byström M., Sjödin A., Forsman M., Johansson A. The phylogeographic pattern of Francisella tularensis in Sweden indicates a Scandinavian origin of Eurosiberian tularaemia. Environ. Microbiol. 2013; 15(2):634–45. DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karlsson E., Svensson K., Lindgren P., Byström M., Sjödin A., Forsman M., Johansson A. The phylogeographic pattern of Francisella tularensis in Sweden indicates a Scandinavian origin of Eurosiberian tularaemia. Environ. Microbiol. 2013; 15(2):634–45. DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Svensson K., Larsson P., Johansson D., Byström M., Forsman M., Johansson A. Evolution of subspecies of Francisella tularensis. J. Bacteriol. 2005; 187(11):3903–8. DOI: 10.1128/JB.187.11.3903-3908.2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svensson K., Larsson P., Johansson D., Byström M., Forsman M., Johansson A. Evolution of subspecies of Francisella tularensis. J. Bacteriol. 2005; 187(11):3903–8. DOI: 10.1128/JB.187.11.3903-3908.2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wick R.R., Judd L.M., Gorrie C.L., Holt K.E. Unicycler: Resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2017; 13(6):e1005595. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005595.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wick R.R., Judd L.M., Gorrie C.L., Holt K.E. Unicycler: Resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2017; 13(6):e1005595. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005595.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Player R.A., Verratti K.J., Grady S.L., Beck L.C., Goodwin B.G., Earnhart C.G., Sozhamannan S. Complete genome sequence of Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain NR-28537 (BEI Master Cell Bank). Microbiol. Resour. Announc. 2020; 9(50):e01248-20. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.01248-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Player R.A., Verratti K.J., Grady S.L., Beck L.C., Goodwin B.G., Earnhart C.G., Sozhamannan S. Complete genome sequence of Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain NR-28537 (BEI Master Cell Bank). Microbiol. Resour. Announc. 2020; 9(50):e01248-20. DOI: 10.1128/MRA.01248-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shevtsov V., Kairzhanova A., Shevtsov A., Shustov A., Kalendar R., Abdrakhmanov S., Lukhnova L., Izbanova U., Ramankulov Y., Vergnaud G. Genetic diversity of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica in Kazakhstan. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2021; 15(5):e0009419. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009419.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevtsov V., Kairzhanova A., Shevtsov A., Shustov A., Kalendar R., Abdrakhmanov S., Lukhnova L., Izbanova U., Ramankulov Y., Vergnaud G. Genetic diversity of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica in Kazakhstan. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2021; 15(5):e0009419. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009419.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rohmer L., Brittnacher M., Svensson K., Buckley D., Haugen E., Zhou Y., Chang J., Levy R., Hayden H., Forsman M., Olson M., Johansson A., Kaul R., Miller S.I. Potential source of Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain attenuation determined by genome comparison. Infect. Immun. 2006; 74(12):6895–906. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.01006-06.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rohmer L., Brittnacher M., Svensson K., Buckley D., Haugen E., Zhou Y., Chang J., Levy R., Hayden H., Forsman M., Olson M., Johansson A., Kaul R., Miller S.I. Potential source of Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain attenuation determined by genome comparison. Infect. Immun. 2006; 74(12):6895–906. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.01006-06.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crawford R.M., Van De Verg L., Yuan L., Hadfield T.L., Warren R.L., Drazek E.S., Houng H.H., Hammack C., Sasala K., Polsinelli T.,. Thompson J., Hoover D.L. Deletion of purE attenuates Brucella melitensis infection in mice. Infect. Immun. 1996; 64(6):2188–92. DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.6.2188-2192.1996.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crawford R.M., Van De Verg L., Yuan L., Hadfield T.L., Warren R.L., Drazek E.S., Houng H.H., Hammack C., Sasala K., Polsinelli T.,. Thompson J., Hoover D.L. Deletion of purE attenuates Brucella melitensis infection in mice. Infect. Immun. 1996; 64(6):2188–92. DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.6.2188-2192.1996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karlsson J., Prior R.G., Williams K., Lindler L., Brown K.A., Chatwell N., Hjalmarsson K., Loman N., Mack K.A., Pallen M., Popek M., Sandström G., Sjöstedt A., Svensson T., Tamas I., Andersson S.G., Wren B.W., Oyston P.C., Titball R.W. Sequencing of the Francisella tularensis strain Schu 4 genome reveals the shikimate and purine metabolic pathways, targets for the construction of a rationally attenuated auxotrophic vaccine. Microb. Comp. Genomics. 2000; 5(1):25–39. DOI: 10.1089/10906590050145249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karlsson J., Prior R.G., Williams K., Lindler L., Brown K.A., Chatwell N., Hjalmarsson K., Loman N., Mack K.A., Pallen M., Popek M., Sandström G., Sjöstedt A., Svensson T., Tamas I., Andersson S.G., Wren B.W., Oyston P.C., Titball R.W. Sequencing of the Francisella tularensis strain Schu 4 genome reveals the shikimate and purine metabolic pathways, targets for the construction of a rationally attenuated auxotrophic vaccine. Microb. Comp. Genomics. 2000; 5(1):25–39. DOI: 10.1089/10906590050145249.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivánovics G., Marjai E., Dobozy A. The growth of purine mutants of Bacillus anthracis in the body of the mouse. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1968; 53(2):147–62. DOI: 10.1099/00221287-53-2-147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivánovics G., Marjai E., Dobozy A. The growth of purine mutants of Bacillus anthracis in the body of the mouse. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1968; 53(2):147–62. DOI: 10.1099/00221287-53-2-147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Callaghan D., Maskell D., Tite J., Dougan G. Immune responses in BALB/c mice following immunization with aromatic compound or purine-dependent Salmonella typhimurium strains. Immunology. 1990; 69(2):184–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Callaghan D., Maskell D., Tite J., Dougan G. Immune responses in BALB/c mice following immunization with aromatic compound or purine-dependent Salmonella typhimurium strains. Immunology. 1990; 69(2):184–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeAngelis P.L. Evolution of glycosaminoglycans and their glycosyltransferases: Implications for the extracellular matrices of animals and the capsules of pathogenic bacteria. Anat. Rec. 2002; 268(3):317–26. DOI: 10.1002/ar.10163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeAngelis P.L. Evolution of glycosaminoglycans and their glycosyltransferases: Implications for the extracellular matrices of animals and the capsules of pathogenic bacteria. Anat. Rec. 2002; 268(3):317–26. DOI: 10.1002/ar.10163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahler C.M., Carlson R.W., Rahman M.M., Martin L.E., Stephens D.S. Two glycosyltransferase genes, lgtF and rfaK, constitute the lipooligosaccharide ice (inner core extension) biosynthesis operon of Neisseria meningitidis. J. Bacteriol. 1996; 178(23):6677– 84. DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.23.6677-6684.1996.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahler C.M., Carlson R.W., Rahman M.M., Martin L.E., Stephens D.S. Two glycosyltransferase genes, lgtF and rfaK, constitute the lipooligosaccharide ice (inner core extension) biosynthesis operon of Neisseria meningitidis. J. Bacteriol. 1996; 178(23):6677– 84. DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.23.6677-6684.1996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phillips N.J., Schilling B., McLendon M.K., Apicella M.A., Gibson B.W. Novel modification of lipid A of Francisella tularensis. Infect. Immun. 2004; 72(9):5340–8. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.72.9.5340-5348.2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phillips N.J., Schilling B., McLendon M.K., Apicella M.A., Gibson B.W. Novel modification of lipid A of Francisella tularensis. Infect. Immun. 2004; 72(9):5340–8. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.72.9.5340-5348.2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Павлов В.М., Дятлов И.А. Молекулярно-генетические исследования бактерий рода Francisella и их прикладное значение. М.; 2012. 267 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlov V.M., Dyatlov I.A. [Molecular Genetic Studies of Bacteria of the Genus Francisella and Their Applied Significance]. Moscow; 2012. 267 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iyer R., Williams C., Miller C. Arginine-agmatine antiporter in extreme acid resistance in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 2003; 185(22):6556–61. DOI: 10.1128/jb. 185.22.6556-6561.2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iyer R., Williams C., Miller C. Arginine-agmatine antiporter in extreme acid resistance in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 2003; 185(22):6556–61. DOI: 10.1128/jb. 185.22.6556-6561.2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гайский Н.А. Туляремийная вирус-вакцина. 2-е изд. Иркутск: Иркутское обл. изд-во; 1948. 111 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaisky N.A. [Tularemia Virus Vaccine. 2nd ed]. Irkutsk: Irkutsk regional publishing house; 1948. 111 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sandström G. The Tularaemia vaccine. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 1994; 59(4):315–20. DOI: 10.1002/jctb.2805.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sandström G. The Tularaemia vaccine. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 1994; 59(4):315–20. DOI: 10.1002/jctb.2805.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
