<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2025-2-152-159</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-2177</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Филогеографический анализ штаммов сибиреязвенного микроба, выделенных в Центральном федеральном округе в 2023 г.</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Phylogeographical Analysis of Anthrax Microbe Strains Isolated in the Central Federal District in 2023</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6458-6790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Писаренко</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pisarenko</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pisarenko_sv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9366-5647</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6338-4476</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бобрышева</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bobrysheva</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8974-1053</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафонова</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Safonova</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7698-7361</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жиров</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhirov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9152-4026</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шапаков</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shapakov</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0274-898X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9362-3949</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куличенко</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulichenko</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13–15.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>13–15, Sovetskaya St., Stavropol, 355035</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Ставропольский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Stavropol Research Anti-Plague Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>152</fpage><lpage>159</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Писаренко С.В., Ковалев Д.А., Бобрышева О.В., Сафонова Н.С., Жиров А.М., Шапаков Н.А., Семенова О.В., Куличенко А.Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Писаренко С.В., Ковалев Д.А., Бобрышева О.В., Сафонова Н.С., Жиров А.М., Шапаков Н.А., Семенова О.В., Куличенко А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pisarenko S.V., Kovalev D.A., Bobrysheva O.V., Safonova N.S., Zhirov A.M., Shapakov N.A., Semenova O.V., Kulichenko A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2177">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2177</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель работы – определить эволюционно-филогеографическое происхождение штаммов возбудителя сибирской язвы, вызвавших вспышки заболевания в Центральном федеральном округе Российской Федерации в 2023 г. Материалы и методы. Выполнено полногеномное секвенирование 13 штаммов возбудителя сибирской язвы, выделенных в Рязанской и Воронежской областях. Полногеномное секвенирование осуществляли с использованием платформ высокопроизводительного секвенирования Ion GeneStudio S5 Plus System (Life Technologies, США) и DNBSEQ-G50 (MGI, Китай). Выполнен полногеномный SNP-анализ 1245 штаммов Bacillus anthracis из 50 стран, включая 304 штамма из 44 субъектов Российской Федерации. Результаты и обсуждение. Установлено, что штаммы возбудителя сибирской язвы, выделенные на территории субъектов Центрального федерального округа в 2023 г., относятся к филогенетической ветви A.Br.117, принадлежащей к монофилетической кладе TEA Tsiankovskii. Штаммы 1394, 1395 (Рязанская область) и 1402, 1404 (Воронежская область, Панинский район) относятся к генотипу A.Br.117-2, а штаммы 1405–1420 (Воронежская область, Богучарский район) – к генотипу A.Br.117-4. Штаммы, вызвавшие случаи заболевания в Панинском районе, имеют общее происхождение со штаммами 988/717 и 546/714, выделенными на территории области в 1980–1990-х гг., а штаммы из Богучарского района филогенетически близки со штаммом 991/178, выделенным в 1991 г. в Днепропетровской области Украины. Описана максимально детализированная на данный момент топология филогенетической ветви A.Br.117, включающая четыре генотипа, для которых определены вероятные временные интервалы дивергенции и описаны особенности филогеографического распространения 165 штаммов B. anthracis. Штаммы, относящиеся к генотипу A.Br.117-1, обнаружены в Молдавии и на Украине, штаммы генотипа A.Br.117-2 преобладают на территории Центрального и Южного федеральных округов, штаммы генотипа A.Br.117-3 – в Приволжском, Южном и Северо-Кавказском федеральных округах, а штаммы генотипа A.Br.117-4 – в Северо-Кавказском и Южном федеральных округах.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the work is to determine an evolutionary and phylogeographic origin of Bacillus anthracis strains that caused large-scale outbreaks of anthrax in the Central Federal District in 2023. Materials and methods. Whole genome sequencing of 13 strains of the anthrax pathogen isolated in the Ryazan and Voronezh Regions was performed. It was conducted using the Ion GeneStudio S5 Plus System (Life Technologies, USA) and DNBSEQ-G50 (MGI, China) high-throughput sequencing platforms. A whole-genome SNP analysis of 1245 Bacillus anthracis strains from 50 countries, including 304 strains from 44 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, was carried out. Results and discussion. It has been established that the anthrax strains isolated in the Central Federal District in 2023 fall under the phylogenetic branch A.Br.117, which belongs to the monophyletic clade TEA Tsiankovskii. Strains 1394, 1395 (Ryazan Region), 1402, 1404 (Voronezh Region, Paninsky District) belong to the genotype A.Br.117-2, and strains 1405–1420 (Voronezh Region, Bogucharsky District) – to the genotype A.Br.117-4. The strains that caused the cases of the disease in Paninsky District have a common origin with strains 988/717 and 546/714 isolated in the region in the 1980–1990s, and the strains from Bogucharsky District are phylogenetically close to strain 991/178 isolated in 1991 in Dnepropetrovsk Region of Ukraine. The most detailed, to date, topology of the phylogenetic branch of A.Br.117 is described, including four genotypes for which probable time intervals of divergence are determined and the features of the phylogeographic distribution of 165 B. anthracis strains are provided. Strains belonging to the genotype A.Br.117-1 were isolated in Moldova and Ukraine, strains of the genotype A.Br.117-2 predominate in the Central and Southern Federal Districts; strains of genotype A.Br.117-3 – in the Volga, Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts, and strains of genotype A.Br.117-4 – in the North Caucasian and Southern Federal Districts.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Bacillus anthracis</kwd><kwd>полногеномное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>геномный мониторинг</kwd><kwd>филогения</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Bacillus anthracis</kwd><kwd>whole-genome sequencing</kwd><kwd>genomic monitoring</kwd><kwd>phylogeny</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carlson C.J., Kracalik I.T., Ross N., Alexander K.A., Hugh-Jones M.E., Fegan M., Elkin B.T., Epp T., Shury T.K., Zhang W., Bagirova M., Getz W.M., Blackburn J.K. The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock and wildlife. Nat. Microbiol. 2019; 4(8):1337–43. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0435-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carlson C.J., Kracalik I.T., Ross N., Alexander K.A., Hugh-Jones M.E., Fegan M., Elkin B.T., Epp T., Shury T.K., Zhang W., Bagirova M., Getz W.M., Blackburn J.K. The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock and wildlife. Nat. Microbiol. 2019; 4(8):1337–43. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0435-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бобрышева О.В., Писаренко С.В., Ковалев Д.А., Семенова О.В., Рязанова А.Г. Геномная характеристика штаммов Bacillus anthracis, выделенных в Центральном федеральном округе в 2023 году. В кн.: Куличенко А.Н., редактор. Актуальные проблемы болезней, общих для человека и животных: материалы V Всероссийской научно-практической конференции с международным участием. Ставрополь; 2024. С. 172–3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bobrysheva O.V., Pisarenko S.V., Kovalev D.A., Semenova O.V., Ryazanova A.G. Genomic characteristics of Bacillus anthracis strains isolated in the Central Federal District in 2023. In: [Kulichenko A.N., editor. Topical Issues of Diseases Common to Humans and Animals: Proceedings of the V All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation]. Stavropol; 2024. P. 172–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braun P., Grass G., Aceti A., Serrecchia L., Affuso A., Marino L., Grimaldi S., Pagano S., Hanczaruk M., Georgi E., Northoff B., Schöler A., Schloter M., Antwerpen M., Fasanella A. Microevolution of anthrax from a young ancestor (M.A.Y.A.) suggests a soil-borne life cycle of Bacillus anthracis. PLoS One. 2015; 10(8):e0135346. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135346.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braun P., Grass G., Aceti A., Serrecchia L., Affuso A., Marino L., Grimaldi S., Pagano S., Hanczaruk M., Georgi E., Northoff B., Schöler A., Schloter M., Antwerpen M., Fasanella A. Microevolution of anthrax from a young ancestor (M.A.Y.A.) suggests a soil-borne life cycle of Bacillus anthracis. PLoS One. 2015; 10(8):e0135346. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135346.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prjibelski A., Antipov D., Meleshko D., Lapidus A., Korobeynikov A. Using SPAdes de novo assembler. Curr. Protoc. Bioinformatics. 2020; 70(1):e102. DOI: 10.1002/cpbi.102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prjibelski A., Antipov D., Meleshko D., Lapidus A., Korobeynikov A. Using SPAdes de novo assembler. Curr. Protoc. Bioinformatics. 2020; 70(1):e102. DOI: 10.1002/cpbi.102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mikheenko A., Prjibelski A., Saveliev V., Antipov D., Gurevich A. Versatile genome assembly evaluation with QUASTLG. Bioinformatics. 2018; 34(13):i142-i150. DOI: 10.1093/ bioinformatics/bty266.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikheenko A., Prjibelski A., Saveliev V., Antipov D., Gurevich A. Versatile genome assembly evaluation with QUASTLG. Bioinformatics. 2018; 34(13):i142-i150. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty266.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanizawa Y., Fujisawa T., Nakamura Y. DFAST: a flexible prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline for faster genome publication. Bioinformatics. 2018; 34(6):1037–9. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/ btx713.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanizawa Y., Fujisawa T., Nakamura Y. DFAST: a flexible prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline for faster genome publication. Bioinformatics. 2018; 34(6):1037–9. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx713.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kille B., Nute M.G., Huang V., Kim E., Phillippy A.M., Treangen T.J. Parsnp 2.0: scalable core-genome alignment for massive microbial datasets. Bioinformatics. 2024; 40(5):btae311. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btae311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kille B., Nute M.G., Huang V., Kim E., Phillippy A.M., Treangen T.J. Parsnp 2.0: scalable core-genome alignment for massive microbial datasets. Bioinformatics. 2024; 40(5):btae311. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btae311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bouckaert R., Vaughan T.G., Barido-Sottani J., Duchêne S., Fourment M., Gavryushkina A., Heled J., Jones G., Kühnert D., De Maio N., Matschiner M., Mendes F.K., Müller N.F., Ogilvie H.A., du Plessis L., Popinga A., Rambaut A., Rasmussen D., Siveroni I., Suchard M.A., Wu C.H., Xie D., Zhang C., Stadler T., Drummond A.J. BEAST 2.5: An advanced software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2019; 15(4):e1006650. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006650.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bouckaert R., Vaughan T.G., Barido-Sottani J., Duchêne S., Fourment M., Gavryushkina A., Heled J., Jones G., Kühnert D., De Maio N., Matschiner M., Mendes F.K., Müller N.F., Ogilvie H.A., du Plessis L., Popinga A., Rambaut A., Rasmussen D., Siveroni I., Suchard M.A., Wu C.H., Xie D., Zhang C., Stadler T., Drummond A.J. BEAST 2.5: An advanced software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2019; 15(4):e1006650. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006650.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertels F., Silander O.K., Pachkov M., Rainey P.B., van Nimwegen E. Automated reconstruction of whole-genome phylogenies from short-sequence reads. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2014; 31(5):1077–88. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu088.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertels F., Silander O.K., Pachkov M., Rainey P.B., van Nimwegen E. Automated reconstruction of whole-genome phylogenies from short-sequence reads. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2014; 31(5):1077–88. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu088.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Darriba D., Posada D., Kozlov A.M., Stamatakis A., Morel B., Flouri T. ModelTest-NG: a new and scalable tool for the selection of DNA and protein evolutionary models. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2020; 37(1):291–4. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz189.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Darriba D., Posada D., Kozlov A.M., Stamatakis A., Morel B., Flouri T. ModelTest-NG: a new and scalable tool for the selection of DNA and protein evolutionary models. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2020; 37(1):291–4. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz189.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo A., Qiao H., Zhang Y., Shi W., Ho S.Y., Xu W., Zhang A., Zhu C. Performance of criteria for selecting evolutionary models in phylogenetics: a comprehensive study based on simulated datasets. BMC Evol. Biol. 2010; 10:242. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo A., Qiao H., Zhang Y., Shi W., Ho S.Y., Xu W., Zhang A., Zhu C. Performance of criteria for selecting evolutionary models in phylogenetics: a comprehensive study based on simulated datasets. BMC Evol. Biol. 2010; 10:242. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-242.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rambaut A. 2014. FigTree version 1.4.2. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rambaut A. 2014. FigTree version 1.4.2. [Internet]. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sahl J.W., Pearson T., Okinaka R., Schupp J.M., Gillece J.D., Heaton H., Birdsell D., Hepp C., Fofanov V., Noseda R., Fasanella A., Hoffmaster A., Wagner D.M., Keim P. A Bacillus anthracis genome sequence from the Sverdlovsk 1979 autopsy specimens. mBio. 2016; 7(5):e01501-16. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01501-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sahl J.W., Pearson T., Okinaka R., Schupp J.M., Gillece J.D., Heaton H., Birdsell D., Hepp C., Fofanov V., Noseda R., Fasanella A., Hoffmaster A., Wagner D.M., Keim P. A Bacillus anthracis genome sequence from the Sverdlovsk 1979 autopsy specimens. mBio. 2016; 7(5):e01501-16. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01501-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shevtsov A., Lukhnova L., Izbanova U., Vernadet J.-P., Kuibagarov M., Amirgazin A., Ramankulov Y., Vergnaud G. Bacillus anthracis phylogeography: new clues from Kazakhstan, Central Asia. Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12:778225. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.778225.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevtsov A., Lukhnova L., Izbanova U., Vernadet J.-P., Kuibagarov M., Amirgazin A., Ramankulov Y., Vergnaud G. Bacillus anthracis phylogeography: new clues from Kazakhstan, Central Asia. Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12:778225. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.778225.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Timofeev V., Bakhteeva I., Khlopova K., Mironova R., Titareva G., Goncharova Y., Solomentsev V., Kravchenko T., Dyatlov I., Vergnaud G. New research on the Bacillus anthracis genetic diversity in Siberia. Pathogens. 2023; 12(10):1257. DOI: 10.3390/ pathogens12101257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev V., Bakhteeva I., Khlopova K., Mironova R., Titareva G., Goncharova Y., Solomentsev V., Kravchenko T., Dyatlov I., Vergnaud G. New research on the Bacillus anthracis genetic diversity in Siberia. Pathogens. 2023; 12(10):1257. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
