microbeПроблемы особо опасных инфекцийProblems of Particularly Dangerous Infections0370-10692658-719XRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”10.21055/0370-1069-2025-3-18-27microbe-2203Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSБактериальный пангеномBacterial Pangenomehttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9988-6312АгафоноваЕ. Ю.AgafonovaE. Yu.

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

rusrapi@microbe.ruФКУН «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб»РоссияRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”Russian Federation202506102025031827Copyright © Агафонова Е.Ю., 20252025Агафонова Е.Ю.Agafonova E.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2203

В обзоре представлен анализ данных литературы о пангеномных исследованиях с начала 2000-х гг. В молекулярной биологии и генетике пангеном – совокупность всей генетической информации рассматриваемой группы организмов (вида или монофилетической группы организмов). Пангеном структурно разделяют на основной геном, который содержит гены, имеющиеся во всех исследуемых генетических последовательностях, дополнительный геном – это гены, общие для большинства геномов (10–95 %), и облачный геном – гены, присутствующие не у всех представителей вида, или гены, присутствующие только в одном из геномов или встречающиеся менее чем в 10 % геномов. Некоторые авторы также называют облачный геном «вспомогательным геномом», содержащим «необязательные» гены или штаммоспецифичные гены. Также одним из важных показателей генетического разнообразия внутри таксона является понятие открытого и закрытого пангеномов, что позволяет судить о внутривидовом разнообразии, связанном с различными генетическими событиями. Таким образом, пангеномика – это быстро развивающееся направление на стыке микробиологии, биоинформатики, эпидемиологии, которое открывает новые горизонты в исследованиях. В связи с усовершенствованием методов секвенирования концепция одного «эталонного» или «референсного» генома может быть несостоятельной и достаточно ограниченной, поэтому для полного понимания картины и восполнения данных возможно использование концепции пангеномов.

This literature review provides an aggregate data on pan-genome studies since the early 2000s. In molecular biology and genetics, pan-genome is the totality of all genetic information on a group of organisms (species or monophyletic group of organisms) under consideration. Pan-genome is structurally divided into the “core genome”, which contains the genes present in all studied genetic sequences, the “accessory genome”, which is genes common to most genomes (10–95 %), and the “cloud genome”, genes that are not present in all representatives of the species, or genes that are present in only one of the genomes or found in less than 10 % of genomes. Some authors also call the cloud genome the “accessory genome”, which contains “unnecessary” genes or strain-specific genes. Also, one of the important indicators of genetic diversity within a taxon is the concept of open and closed pangenomes, which allows us to judge intraspecific diversity, which is associated with various genetic events. Thus, pangenomics is a rapidly developing area at the intersection of microbiology, bioinformatics, epidemiology, which opens up new horizons in research. Due to the improvement of sequencing methods, the concept of one “standard” or “reference” genome may be inconsistent and quite limited, therefore, for a complete understanding of the picture and replenishment of data, it is possible to use the concept of pangenomes.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.