microbeПроблемы особо опасных инфекцийProblems of Particularly Dangerous Infections0370-10692658-719XRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”10.21055/0370-1069-2025-3-37-48microbe-2205Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSФакторы патогенности и взаимодействие возбудителя чумы с организмом теплокровных носителейPathogenicity Factors and Interaction of the Plague Pathogen with the Organism of Warm-Blooded Carriershttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5403-989XЕрошенкоГ. А.EroshenkoG. A.

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

rusrapi@microbe.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2438-8364КуклеваЛ. М.KuklevaL. M.

410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005

ФКУН «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб»РоссияRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”Russian Federation202506102025033748Copyright © Ерошенко Г.А., Куклева Л.М., 20252025Ерошенко Г.А., Куклева Л.М.Eroshenko G.A., Kukleva L.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2205

Представлен обзор современных отечественных и зарубежных исследований по взаимодействию возбудителя чумы с теплокровными животными и человеком. Рассматриваются молекулярные основы способности Yersinia pestis к уклонению и подавлению факторов врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета. Приводятся сведения об основных факторах патогенности, действующих на разных этапах заболевания. Отмечена роль липополисахарида (ЛПС) и антигена рН6 в уклонении от иммунной системы хозяина на ранней стадии развития инфекции, а также способность возбудителя чумы преодолевать бактерицидное действие сыворотки и размножаться в условиях дефицита железа. Обсуждаются молекулярные механизмы противодействия возбудителя фагоцитозу, способности размножаться внутри макрофагов и экспрессировать факторы вирулентности, а также участие в этом процессе адгезинов Ail, Pla и антигенов фракция 1 и рН6. Подчеркнута роль системы секреции 3-го типа как ведущего фактора вирулентности Y. pestis. Показаны плейотропные функции эффекторных белков системы секреции 3-го типа, способствующих замедлению фагоцитоза или отключению его механизма, ингибированию сигнальных путей врожденной иммунной системы, подавлению воспалительных реакций организма хозяина. Обсуждается способность Y. pestis подавлять адаптивный иммунный ответ через воздействие на дендритные клетки и Т-лимфоциты. Отмечена ведущая роль ЛПС в развитии токсического шока при чуме.

This paper presents a review of modern domestic and foreign studies on the interaction of the plague pathogen with warm-blooded animals and humans. The molecular basis of the ability of Yersinia pestis to evade and suppress factors of innate and adaptive immunity is considered. Information on the main pathogenicity factors acting at different stages of the disease is provided. The role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the pH6 antigen in evading the host’s immune system at an early stage of infection development is noted, as well as the ability of the plague pathogen to overcome the bactericidal action of serum and reproduce under conditions of iron deficiency. The molecular mechanisms of the pathogen’s counteraction to phagocytosis, the ability to reproduce inside macrophages and express virulence factors, as well as the participation of Ail, Pla adhesins and fraction 1 and pH6 antigens in this process are discussed. The role of the type 3 secretion system as the leading virulence factor of Y. pestis is emphasized. The pleiotropic functions of the effector proteins of the type 3 secretion system are shown. They contribute to the slowing down of phagocytosis or disabling its mechanism, inhibition of signaling pathways of the innate immune system, suppression of inflammatory reactions of the host organism. The ability of Y. pestis to suppress the adaptive immune response through the effect on dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes is discussed. The leading role of LPS in the development of toxic shock in case of plague is noted.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.