microbeПроблемы особо опасных инфекцийProblems of Particularly Dangerous Infections0370-10692658-719XRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”10.21055/0370-1069-2025-4-6-16microbe-2243Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSАнализ опыта повышения безопасности применения противооспенных вакцинных препаратовAnalysis of the Experience of Improving the Safety of Anti-Smallpox Vaccineshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-3919БорисевичС. В.BorisevichS. V.

Борисевич Сергей Владимирович, 

141306, Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, 11

Sergey V. Borisevich, 

11, Oktyabrskaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, 141306

48cnii@mil.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6347-3476МахлайА. А.MakhlayA. A.

141306, Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, 11

11, Oktyabrskaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, 141306

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3058-6706ПодкуйкоВ. Н.PodkuikoV. N.

141306, Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, 11

11, Oktyabrskaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, 141306

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9946-6553ТерентьевА. И.Terent’evA. I.

141306, Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, 11

11, Oktyabrskaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, 141306

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6686-320XХмелевА. Л.KhmelevA. L.

141306, Сергиев Посад-6, ул. Октябрьская, 11

11, Oktyabrskaya St., Sergiev Posad-6, 141306

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4026-6466ПоярковА. Ю.PoyarkovA. Yu.

119160, Москва, Фрунзенская наб., 22/2

22/2, Frunzenskaya Embankment, Moscow, 119160

ФГБУ «48 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт» Министерства обороны Российской ФедерацииРоссия48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian FederationRussian FederationУправление начальника войск радиационной, химической и биологической защиты Вооруженных Сил Российской ФедерацииРоссияDepartment of the Chief of Radiation, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian FederationRussian Federation20251401202604616Copyright © Борисевич С.В., Махлай А.А., Подкуйко В.Н., Терентьев А.И., Хмелев А.Л., Поярков А.Ю., 20262026Борисевич С.В., Махлай А.А., Подкуйко В.Н., Терентьев А.И., Хмелев А.Л., Поярков А.Ю.Borisevich S.V., Makhlay A.A., Podkuiko V.N., Terent’ev A.I., Khmelev A.L., Poyarkov A.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2243

Эпидемиологическая опасность ортопоксвирусов и побочное действие применяемых живых вакцин растут, повышая требования к безопасности вакцинации.

Целью данного обзора был анализ направлений повышения безопасности оспенных вакцин. Биотехнологическое совершенствование дермовакцин не увеличило безопасность до допустимого уровня и вызвало введение большого количества ограничений, противопоказаний, а в конечном итоге – запрет их применения. При совершенствовании парентеральных вакцин доминирует биотехнологическое направление повышения безопасности, которое вкупе с иммунологической коррекцией метода вакцинации (двухэтапный метод вакцинации в России или многократная иммунизация за рубежом) способствовало достижению допустимых требований безопасности у третьего поколения оспенных вакцин. Неудачи биотехнологического совершенствования дермовакцин обусловили интенсификацию исследований по разработке пероральных вакцин третьего поколения типа ТЭОВак, отвечающих принципам безопасности и эффективности, и дальнейшее развитие иммунологического направления повышения безопасности вакцинации. Реализация иммунологического направления совершенствования безопасности противооспенных вакцин осуществлялась за счет разработки пероральных мукозальных вакцин и двухэтапного метода вакцинации. Еще одной проблемой специфической профилактики оспы является высокий риск развития осложнений вакцинации. Двухэтапный или двукратный метод вакцинации эпидемически эффективными живыми вакцинами составляет универсальное направление купирования таких осложнений. В США для купирования осложнений создан запас гомологичного иммуноглобулина и выпускаются химиопрепараты, в РФ в настоящее время лицензирован единственный препарат НИОХ-14, делаются попытки компенсировать отсутствие гомологичного иммуноглобулина гетерологичным очищенным препаратом. Таким образом, для России наиболее действенным и перспективным направлением повышения безопасности оспенных вакцин является иммунологическое: разработка современного перорального способа иммунизации, мукозальных вакцин и двухэтапного метода вакцинации. За рубежом доминирует биотехнологическое направление совершенствования парентеральных оспенных вакцин, которое дополняется иммунологическим.

The epidemiological hazard of orthopoxviruses and the side effects of the used live vaccines are growing, raising the safety requirements for vaccination.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.