<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2026-3-36-42</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-2392</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Российско-Бурундийский центр по изучению и профилактике инфекций: история создания, цели и задачи центра, основные направления научных исследований</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian-Burundi Center for the Study and Prevention of Infections: History of Creation, Goals and Objectives of the Center, Main Areas of Scientific Research</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутырев</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutyrev</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3a, Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">crie@pcr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4658-4251</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербаков</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbakov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Щербаков Александр Игоревич.</p><p>111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander I. Shcherbakov.</p><p>3a, Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sherbakov_a@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-9044</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акимкин</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akimkin</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3a, Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">crie@pcr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлов</surname><given-names>С. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailov</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3a, Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">crie@pcr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5238-7900</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулешов</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuleshov</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3a, Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">crie@pcr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7896-2379</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киреев</surname><given-names>Д. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kireev</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3a, Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">crie@pcr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3599-117X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кюрегян</surname><given-names>К. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kyuregyan</surname><given-names>K. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3a, Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">crie@pcr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central Research Institute of Epidemiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кутырев И.В., Щербаков А.И., Акимкин В.Г., Михайлов С.Д., Кулешов К.В., Киреев Д.Е., Кюрегян К.К., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кутырев И.В., Щербаков А.И., Акимкин В.Г., Михайлов С.Д., Кулешов К.В., Киреев Д.Е., Кюрегян К.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kutyrev I.V., Shcherbakov A.I., Akimkin V.G., Mikhailov S.D., Kuleshov K.V., Kireev D.E., Kyuregyan K.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2392">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/2392</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлен анализ становления и первых результатов деятельности Совместного Российско-Бурундийского центра по изучению и профилактике инфекционных болезней (далее – Центр), созданного в 2023 г. в г. Бужумбура на базе Национального института общественного здравоохранения Республики Бурунди. Показано, что формирование Центра стало закономерным итогом укрепления двусторонних отношений между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Бурунди, включая подписание межведомственного Меморандума о сотрудничестве (декабрь 2022 г.), открытие российской лаборатории (февраль 2023 г.) и подписание учредительных документов Центра в рамках второго саммита Россия – Африка (июль 2023 г.). Ключевая особенность Центра – интеграция ведущих научных учреждений Роспотребнадзора с национальными экспертами Бурунди, что позволяет проводить фундаментальные и прикладные исследования по широкому спектру инфекционных угроз, актуальных для региона Восточной Африки. Представлены результаты научных исследований природно-очаговых инфекций, этиологии острых кишечных инфекций, распространенности ВИЧ-инфекции, маркеров вирусных гепатитов среди населения. Также внимание уделено системной подготовке кадров: более 130 специалистов Бурунди прошли обучение по современным методам лабораторной диагностики, эпидемиологического мониторинга и биобезопасности. Опыт Центра представляет собой эффективную модель научной дипломатии и практического здравоохранения, значимую для укрепления биологической безопасности в Африканском регионе.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents an analysis of the formation and initial results of work of the Joint Russian-Burundian Center for the Study and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (hereinafter “the Center”), created in 2023 in Bujumbura at the premises of the National Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Burundi. It is shown that the establishing of the Center became a natural outcome of the strengthening bilateral relations between Russia and Burundi, including the signing of an interdepartmental Memorandum of Cooperation (December 2022), the opening of a Russian laboratory (February 2023), and the signing of the Center’s constituent documents within the framework of the Second Russia–Africa Summit (July 2023). A key feature of the Center is the integration of leading scientific institutions of the Rospotrebnadzor with national experts from Burundi, which enables fundamental and applied research on a wide range of infectious threats relevant to the East African region. The results of scientific research on natural-focal infections, the etiology of acute intestinal infections, the prevalence of HIV infection, and viral hepatitis markers among the population are presented. Considerable attention is also given to systematic personnel training – more than 130 Burundian specialists have been trained in modern methods of laboratory diagnostics, epidemiological monitoring, and biosafety. The experience of the Center represents an effective model of scientific diplomacy and practical public health, significant for strengthening biological security in the African region.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Российско-Бурундийский центр</kwd><kwd>инфекционные болезни</kwd><kwd>эпидемиологический надзор</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>ВИЧ-инфекция</kwd><kwd>вирусные гепатиты</kwd><kwd>подготовка кадров</kwd><kwd>биологическая безопасность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Russian-Burundian Center</kwd><kwd>infectious diseases</kwd><kwd>epidemiological surveillance</kwd><kwd>antimicrobial resistance</kwd><kwd>HIV infection</kwd><kwd>viral hepatitis</kwd><kwd>personnel training</kwd><kwd>biological security</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы выражают искреннюю благодарность сотрудникам Центрального научно-исследовательского института эпидемиологии Д.Д. Скрипниченко, Т.А. Бондаренко, Д.В. Дубровскому, О.А. Стуколовой, Е.С. Морозкину за оказание помощи в проведении исследований по изучению природно-очаговых инфекций.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors express their sincere gratitude to the staff of the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology – D.D. Skripnichenko, T.A. Bondarenko, D.V. Dubrovsky, O.A. Stukolova, and E.S. Morozkin – for their assistance in conducting research on natural-focal infections.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попова А.Ю., Смоленский В.Ю., Демина Ю.В., Малеев В.В., Кутырев В.В., Щербакова С.А., Максютов Р.А., Пьянков О.В., Keita S., Buaro M.Y., Magassouba N., Ицков Я.Ю., Коломоец Е.В. Вклад Российской Федерации в укрепление эпидемиологического надзора за опасными инфекционными болезнями на территории Гвинейской Республики. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2019; (3):6–13. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2019-3-6-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popova A.Yu., Smolensky V.Yu., Demina Yu.V., Maleev V.V., Kutyrev V.V., Shcherbakova S.A., Maksyutov R.A., Pyankov O.V., Keita S., Boiro M.Y., Magassouba N., Itskov Ya.Yu., Kolomoets E.V. [Contribution of the Russian Federation to strengthening epidemiological surveillance of dangerous infectious diseases in the territory of the Republic of Guinea]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2019; (3):6–13. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2019-3-6-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Онищенко Г.Г., Попова А.Ю., Топорков В.П., Смоленский В.Ю., Щербакова С.А., Кутырев В.В. Современные угрозы и вызовы в области биологической безопасности и стратегия противодействия. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2015; (3):5–9. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2015-3-5-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onishchenko G.G., Popova A.Yu., Toporkov V.P., Smolensky V.Yu., Shcherbakova S.A., Kutyrev V.V. [Present-day menaces and challenges in the sphere of biological safety and strategy of countermeasures]. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii [Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections]. 2015; (3):5–9. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2015-3-5-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grace D. Food safety in low and middle income countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017; 12(9):10490–507. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120910490.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grace D. Food safety in low and middle income countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017; 12(9):10490–507. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120910490.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Havelaar A.H., Kirk M.D., Torgerson P.R., Gibb H.J., Hald T., Lake R.J., Praet N., Bellinger D.C., de Silva N.R., Gargouri N., Speybroeck N., Cawthorne A., Mathers C., Stein C., Angulo F.J., Devleesschauwer B.; World Health Organization Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group. World Health Organization global estimates and regional comparisons of the burden of food-borne disease. PLoS Med. 2015; 12(12):e1001923. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Havelaar A.H., Kirk M.D., Torgerson P.R., Gibb H.J., Hald T., Lake R.J., Praet N., Bellinger D.C., de Silva N.R., Gargouri N., Speybroeck N., Cawthorne A., Mathers C., Stein C., Angulo F.J., Devleesschauwer B.; World Health Organization Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group. World Health Organization global estimates and regional comparisons of the burden of food-borne disease. PLoS Med. 2015; 12(12):e1001923. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ТАСС. Роспотребнадзор ожидает начала совместных исследований инфекционистов России и Бурунди. 05.05.2023. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/17682203 (дата обращения: 27.08.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">TASS. [Rospotrebnadzor expects the start of joint research of infectious disease specialists from Russia and Burundi]. 05 May 2023. (Cited 27 Aug 2026). [Internet]. Available from: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/17682203.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РИА Новости. Роспотребнадзор помог создать лабораторию диагностики инфекций в Бурунди. 15.02.2023. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://ria.ru/20230215/laboratoriya-1852163651.html (дата обращения: 27.08.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RIA News. [Rospotrebnadzor helped in creating a laboratory for diagnostics of infections in Burundi]. 15 Feb 2023. (Cited 27 Aug 2026). [Internet]. Available from: https://ria.ru/20230215/laboratoriya-1852163651.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Interfax. Russian public health watchdog, Burundian ministry to set up joint infections research center. 28 July 2023. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/93092/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Interfax. Russian public health watchdog, Burundian ministry to set up joint infections research center. 28 July 2023. [Internet]. Available from: https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/93092/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeWaal C.S., Robert N., Witmer J., Tian X. Foodborne Illness in Africa: A review of the literature. Food Protection Trends. 2010; 30(8):478–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeWaal C.S., Robert N., Witmer J., Tian X. Foodborne Illness in Africa: A review of the literature. Food Protection Trends. 2010; 30(8):478–90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagamian K.H., Anderson J.D. 4th, Muhib F., Cumming O., Laytner L.A., Wierzba T.F., Rheingans R. Heterogeneity in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and shigella infections in children under 5 years of age from 11 African countries: a subnational approach quantifying risk, mortality, morbidity, and stunting. Lancet Glob. Health. 2020; 8(1):e101-e112. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30456-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagamian K.H., Anderson J.D. 4th, Muhib F., Cumming O., Laytner L.A., Wierzba T.F., Rheingans R. Heterogeneity in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and shigella infections in children under 5 years of age from 11 African countries: a subnational approach quantifying risk, mortality, morbidity, and stunting. Lancet Glob. Health. 2020; 8(1):e101-e112. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30456-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuboka M., Mutie I., Artursson K., Lindahl J., Carlsson G., Mutua F., Grace D. Prevalence of Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. in the East African Community: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Food Microbiol. 2025; 136:105004. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2025.105004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuboka M., Mutie I., Artursson K., Lindahl J., Carlsson G., Mutua F., Grace D. Prevalence of Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. in the East African Community: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Food Microbiol. 2025; 136:105004. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2025.105004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shafiq M., Zeng M., Permana B., Bilal H., Huang J., Yao F., Algammal A.M., Li X., Yuan Y., Jiao X. Coexistence of blaNDM-5 and tet(X4) in international high-risk Escherichia coli clone ST648 of human origin in China. Front. Microbiol. 2022; 13:1031688. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1031688.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shafiq M., Zeng M., Permana B., Bilal H., Huang J., Yao F., Algammal A.M., Li X., Yuan Y., Jiao X. Coexistence of blaNDM-5 and tet(X4) in international high-risk Escherichia coli clone ST648 of human origin in China. Front. Microbiol. 2022; 13:1031688. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1031688.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020; 396(10258):1204–22. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020; 396(10258):1204–22. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNAIDS. Country factsheets: Burundi. HIV and AIDS Estimates. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; 2024. P. 294–5. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/data-book-2024_en.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNAIDS. Country factsheets: Burundi. HIV and AIDS Estimates. Geneva: Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS; 2024. P. 294–5. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/data-book-2024_en.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akindavyi C. Situation épidémiologique du VIH au Burundi. Доклад на VI Международной научно-практической конференции по вопросам противодействия инфекционным заболеваниям: новые вызовы (11–12 декабря 2025 г., Санкт-Петербург). СПб.; 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akindavyi C. Situation épidémiologique du VIH au Burundi. [Report at the VI International Scientific and Practical Conference on Countering Infectious Diseases: New Challenges (December 11–12, 2025, St. Petersburg)]. St. Petersburg; 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Орехов С.Н., Яворский А.Н. Биологические угрозы и биологическая безопасность. Вестник Университета имени О.Е. Кутафина (МГЮА). 2020; (5):60–73. DOI: 10.17803/2311-5998.2020.69.5.060-073.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orekhov S.N., Yavorsky A.N. [Biological threats and biological safety]. Bulletin of the University named after O.E. Kutafin (MSAL). 2020; (5):60–73. DOI: 10.17803/2311-5998.2020.69.5.060-073.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Всемирная организация здравоохранения. Глобальное руководство по критериям и процессам валидации ликвидации передачи от матери ребенку ВИЧ-инфекции, сифилиса и вируса гепатита B. Копенгаген: Европейское региональное бюро ВОЗ; 2024. 70 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[World Health Organization. Global guidance on criteria and validation processes for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B virus]. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2024. 70 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bastug K., Umar U., Olson B., Slusher T., Faulk C., Okolo M., Oguche S., Thielen B.K. Utilization of Oxford Nanopore Technology for human infectious disease detection and surveillance in Africa: a scoping review. Access Microbiol. 2025; 7(7):001020.v3. DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.001020.v3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bastug K., Umar U., Olson B., Slusher T., Faulk C., Okolo M., Oguche S., Thielen B.K. Utilization of Oxford Nanopore Technology for human infectious disease detection and surveillance in Africa: a scoping review. Access Microbiol. 2025; 7(7):001020.v3. DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.001020.v3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белащенко Д.А., Шоджонов И.Ф. К вопросу об обеспечении биологического суверенитета Российской Федерации. Via in tempore. История. Политология. 2023; 50(4):1084–94. DOI: 10.52575/2687-0967-2023-50-4-1084-1094.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belashchenko D.A., Shodzhonov I.F. [On the issue of ensuring biological sovereignty of the Russian Federation]. Via in tempore. History. Political Science. 2023; 50(4):1084–94. DOI: 10.52575/2687-0967-2023-50-4-1084-1094.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agence Burundaise de Presse. La coopération russo-burundaise renforce les capacités de surveillance des maladies infectieuses. 30 avril 2026. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://abpinfo.bi/2026/04/30/la-cooperation-russo-burundaise-renforce-les-capacites-de-surveillance-des-maladies-infectieuses/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agence Burundaise de Presse. La coopération russo-burundaise renforce les capacités de surveillance des maladies infectieuses. 30 avril 2026. [Internet]. Available from: https://ab-pinfo.bi/2026/04/30/la-cooperation-russo-burundaise-renforce-les-capacites-de-surveillance-des-maladies-infectieuses/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Роспотребнадзор. В Бурунди проведены совместные учения по реагированию на инфекционные угрозы. 15 ноября 2024. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/about/info/news/page1.php?ELEMENT_ID=28784&amp;ysclid=mu16k45sd8129458230.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rospotrebnadzor. [Joint exercises on responding to infectious disease threats, held in Burundi]. November 15, 2024. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/about/info/news/page1.php?ELEMENT_ID=28784&amp;ysclid=mu16k45sd8129458230.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
