microbeПроблемы особо опасных инфекцийProblems of Particularly Dangerous Infections0370-10692658-719XRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”10.21055/0370-1069-2016-3-5-12microbe-318Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSМеханизмы повреждений бактерий при лиофилизации и протективное действие защитных средMechanisms of Damaging Bacteria during Lyophilization and Protective Activity of Shielding MediaГрачеваИ. В.GrachevaI. V.

Российская Федерация, 410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005, Russian Federation

rusrapi@microbe.ruОсинА. В.OsinA. V.

Российская Федерация, 410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46

46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005, Russian Federation

ФКУЗ «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб»РоссияRussian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”Russian Federation20162009201603512Copyright © Грачева И.В., Осин А.В., 20162016Грачева И.В., Осин А.В.Gracheva I.V., Osin A.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/318

В работе рассмотрены современные представления о механизмах и факторах повреждений бактериальных клеток при лиофилизации и хранении сухих препаратов, представлены сведения о наиболее эффективных лиопротекторах и механизмах их защитного действия. Лиофилизация или высушивание из замороженного состояния – основной метод консервации бактерий в коллекциях культур и биологических ресурсных центрах. В процессе лиофилизации клетки подвергаются действию повреждающих стрессовых факторов. Низкие температуры, кристаллизация воды, осмотический стресс, изменения рН растворов, дегидратация вызывают повреждения клеточных структур и молекул. Окислительные реакции, протекающие в препаратах сухих клеток, изменяют состав и структуру липидов, белков, нуклеиновых кислот и, как следствие, снижают количество живых клеток при хранении. Одним из главных факторов, влияющим на жизнеспособность бактерий после лиофилизации и хранения, является состав защитной среды, с которой смешивают клетки перед консервацией. Использование защитных сред, содержащих углеводы, аминокислоты, восстановленное молоко, желатин и другие компоненты снижает вероятность повреждений клеточных компонентов, увеличивает гарантированный срок хранения бактерий.

Considered are the current views on the mechanisms and factors of bacterial cell degradation during lyophilization and storage of dry preparations. Given are the data on the most effective lyo-rotectors and mechanisms of their shielding action. Lyophilization or sublimation from the frozen state is the basic method of bacteria preservation in culture collections and biological resource centers. In the process of lyophilization cells are exposed to damaging stress factors. Low temperatures, water crystallization, osmotic process, pH alterations, and dehydration affect cell cultures and molecules. Oxidative reactions, running in dry cell preparations, change the composition and structure of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and, thereby reduce the number of living cells during the storage. One of the key factors that influences bacterial viability after lyophilization and storage is the composition of shielding medium, with which the cells are mixed up before conservation. Utilization of protective media, containing carbohydrates, amino acids, restored milk, gelatin and other components, decreases the probability of cell elements damaging and extends the assured storage life.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.