<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2017-2-54-57</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-392</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MICROBIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ВЛИЯНИЕ ДЕЛЕЦИИ ПРОФАГА CTXΦ НА ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ФЕНОТИПИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ VIBRIO CHOLERAE БИОВАРА ЭЛЬ ТОР, СВЯЗАННЫХ С ВИРУЛЕНТНОСТЬЮ И ПЕРСИСТЕНТНОСТЬЮ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>EFFECT OF THE PROPHAGE CTXΦ DELETION UPON PHENOTYPIC PROPERTIES IN STRAINS OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE BIOVAR EL TOR, ASSOCIATED WITH VIRULENCE AND PERSISTENCE</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелканова</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkanova</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Агафонова</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Agafonova</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ливанова</surname><given-names>Л. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Livanova</surname><given-names>L. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Агафонов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Agafonov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лозовский</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lozovsky</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>410005, Саратов, ул. Университетская, 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>46, Universitetskaya St., Saratov, 410005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Щелканова Е.Ю., Агафонова Е.Ю., Ливанова Л.Ф., Агафонов Д.А., Лозовский Ю.В., Смирнова Н.И., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щелканова Е.Ю., Агафонова Е.Ю., Ливанова Л.Ф., Агафонов Д.А., Лозовский Ю.В., Смирнова Н.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchelkanova E.Y., Agafonova E.Y., Livanova L.F., Agafonov D.A., Lozovsky Y.V., Smirnova N.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/392">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/392</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель работы. Изучить влияние делеции профага CTXφ, несущего гены ctxAB, на изменение фенотипических свойств, связанных с патогенностью или формированием биопленки, у нетоксигенных мутантов. Материалы и методы. В работе использовали клинические штаммы Vibrio cholerae биовара Эль Тор и их спонтанные нетоксигенные мутанты, утратившие профаг CTXφ. Применены микробиологические и биохимические методы, а также заражение модельных животных (крольчат) клетками исследуемых штаммов. Результаты и выводы. Представлены результаты сравнительного анализа фенотипических свойств изогенных токсигенных и нетоксигенных штаммов Vibrio cholerae биовара Эль Тор, утративших профаг CTXφ, кодирующий холерный токсин. Установлено, что делеция профага CTXφ приводит к одновременному изменению у спонтанных нетоксигенных мутантов нескольких фенотипических свойств, связанных с вирулентностью (колонизирующей способности, продукции растворимой гемагглютинин/протеазы, термолабильного гемолизина/цитолизина) и формированием биопленки (подвижности, биосинтеза экзополисахарида). Высказано предположение, что причиной указанных фенотипических изменений мутантов могли быть изменения активности связанных между собой регуляторных генов, контролирующих вирулентность и процесс образования биопленки у возбудителя холеры.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective of the study is to evaluate the influence of CTXφ prophage deletion, which carries ctxAB genes, on phenotypical properties associated with pathogenicity or biofilm formation in non-toxigenic mutants. Materials and methods. Utilized have been the clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae biovar El Tor and their spontaneous non-toxigenic mutants that lost CTXφ prophage. Applied have been microbiological and biochemical methods, inoculation of model animals with cells of the strains under study. Results and conclusions. The results of comparative analysis of phenotypic properties in isogenic toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae biovar El Tor, which lost CTXφ prophage encoding the cholera toxin, are represented. It is established that the deletion of CTXφ prophage leads to the simultaneous change of several phenotypic properties associated with virulence (colonizing ability, production of soluble hemagglutinin/protease and heat labile hemolysin/cytolysin) and biofilm formation (motility, exopolysaccharide biosynthesis) in spontaneous non-toxigenic mutants. It is suggested that the reason for these phenotypic changes in the mutants might be the changes in activity of the related to each other regulatory genes controlling virulence and biofilm formation process in cholera agent.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Vibrio cholerae</kwd><kwd>профаг CTXφ</kwd><kwd>делеция</kwd><kwd>фенотипические свойства</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Vibrio cholerae</kwd><kwd>CTXφ prophage</kwd><kwd>deletion</kwd><kwd>phenotypic properties</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Онищенко Г.Г., Ломов Ю.М., Москвитина Э.А., Фёдоров Ю.М., Подосинникова Л.С., Горобец А.В. Холера в начале ХХI века. Журн. микробиол., эпидемиол. и иммунобиол. 2005; 3:44–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onishchenko G.G., Lomov Yu.M., Moskvitina E.A., Fedorov Yu.M., Podosinnikova L.S., Gorobets A.V. [Cholera at the beginning of the XXI century]. Zh. Microbiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 2005; 3:44–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнова Н.И., Заднова С.П., Шашкова А.В., Кутырев В.В. Вариабельность генома измененных вариантов Vibrio cholerae биовара Эль-Тор, изолированных на территории России в современный период. Мол. генет., микробиол. и вирусол. 2011; 3:11–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnova N.I., Zadnova S.P., Shashkova A.V., Kutyrev V.V. [Variability of the genome of the altered Vibrio cholerae variants biovar El Tor, isolated in the territory of Russia in the modern period]. Mol. Genet. Mikrobiol. Virusol. 2011; 3:11–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнова Н.И., Кульшань Т.А., Баранихина Е.Ю., Краснов Я.М., Агафонов Д.А., Кутырев В.В. Структура генома и происхождение нетоксигенных штаммов Vibrio cholerae биовара Эль Тор с различной эпидемиологической значимостью. Генетика. 2016; 52(9):1029–41. DOI: 10.7868/S0016675816060126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnova N.I., Kul’shan’ T.A., Baranikhina E.Yu., Krasnov Ya.M., Agafonov D.A., Kutyrev V.V. [Genome structure and origin of non-toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae biovar El Tor of different epidemiological significance]. Genetika. 2016; 52(9):1029–41. DOI: 10.7868/S0016675816060126.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Almagro-Moreno S., Pruss K., Taylor R.K. Intestinal colonization dynamics of Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Pathog. 2015; 11(5):e1004787. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004787.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Almagro-Moreno S., Pruss K., Taylor R.K. Intestinal colonization dynamics of Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Pathog. 2015; 11(5):e1004787. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004787.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Finkelstein R.A., Boesman-Finkelstein M., Chang Y., Häse C.C. Vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin/protease, colonial variation, virulence, and detachment. Infect. Immun. 1992; 60(2):472–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Finkelstein R.A., Boesman-Finkelstein M., Chang Y., Häse C.C. Vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin/protease, colonial variation, virulence, and detachment. Infect. Immun. 1992; 60(2):472–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hitchсock P.J., Brown T.M. Morphological heterogeneity among Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chemotypes in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J. Bacteriol. 1983; 154(1):269–77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hitchсock P.J., Brown T.M. Morphological heterogeneity among Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chemotypes in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J. Bacteriol. 1983; 154(1):269–77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaper J.B., Morris J.G., Levin M.M. Cholera. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1995; 8:48–89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaper J.B., Morris J.G., Levin M.M. Cholera. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1995; 8:48–89.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krukonis E.S., DiRita V.J. From motility to virulence: sensing and responding to environmental signals in Vibrio cholerae. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2003; 6:186–90. DOI: 10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00032-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krukonis E.S., DiRita V.J. From motility to virulence: sensing and responding to environmental signals in Vibrio cholerae. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2003; 6:186–90. DOI: 10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00032-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laemmli U.K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970; 227(5259):680–5. DOI: 10.1038/227680a0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laemmli U.K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970; 227(5259):680–5. DOI: 10.1038/227680a0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nair G.B., Qadri F., Holmgren J., Svennerholm A.M., Safa A., Bhuiyan N.A., Ahmad Q.S., Farugue A.S., Takeda Y., Sack D.A. Cholera due to altered El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae О1 in Bangladesh. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2006; 44:4211–3. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01304-06.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nair G.B., Qadri F., Holmgren J., Svennerholm A.M., Safa A., Bhuiyan N.A., Ahmad Q.S., Farugue A.S., Takeda Y., Sack D.A. Cholera due to altered El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae О1 in Bangladesh. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2006; 44:4211–3. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01304-06.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nesper J., Lauriano C.M., Klose K.E., Kapfhammer D., Kraiß A., Reidl J. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor galU and galE mutants: influence on lipopolysaccharide structure, colonization, and biofilm formation. Infect. Immun. 2001; 69(1):435–45. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.69.1.435-445.2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nesper J., Lauriano C.M., Klose K.E., Kapfhammer D., Kraiß A., Reidl J. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor galU and galE mutants: influence on lipopolysaccharide structure, colonization, and biofilm formation. Infect. Immun. 2001; 69(1):435–45. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.69.1.435-445.2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pierce N.F., Cray W.C., Kaper J.B., Mekalanos J.J. Determinants of immunogenicity and mechanisms of protection by virulent and mutant Vibrio cholerae O1 in rabbits. Infect. Immun. 1988; 56(1):142–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pierce N.F., Cray W.C., Kaper J.B., Mekalanos J.J. Determinants of immunogenicity and mechanisms of protection by virulent and mutant Vibrio cholerae O1 in rabbits. Infect. Immun. 1988; 56(1):142–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saka H.A., Bidinost C., Sola C., Carranza P., Collino C., Ortiz S., Echenique J.R., Bocco J.L. Vibrio cholerae cytolysin is essential for high enterotoxicity and apoptosis induction produced by a cholera toxin gene-negative V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strain. Microb. Pathog. 2008; 44:118–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.08.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saka H.A., Bidinost C., Sola C., Carranza P., Collino C., Ortiz S., Echenique J.R., Bocco J.L. Vibrio cholerae cytolysin is essential for high enterotoxicity and apoptosis induction produced by a cholera toxin gene-negative V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strain. Microb. Pathog. 2008; 44:118–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.08.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Satchella K.J.F., Jonesb C.J., Wonga J., Queena J., Agarwal S., Yildiz F.H. Phenotypic analysis reveals that the 2010 Haiti cholera epidemic is linked to a hypervirulent strain. Infect. Immun. 2016; 84(9):2473–81. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00189-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Satchella K.J.F., Jonesb C.J., Wonga J., Queena J., Agarwal S., Yildiz F.H. Phenotypic analysis reveals that the 2010 Haiti cholera epidemic is linked to a hypervirulent strain. Infect. Immun. 2016; 84(9):2473–81. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00189-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh D.V., Matte M.H., Matte G.R., Jiang S., Sabeena F., Shukla B.N., Sanyal S.C., Huq A., Colwell R.R. Molecular analyses of Vibrio cholerae O1, O139, non-O1 and non-O139 strains: clonal relationships between clinical and environmental isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001; 67(2):910–21. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.2.910–921.2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh D.V., Matte M.H., Matte G.R., Jiang S., Sabeena F., Shukla B.N., Sanyal S.C., Huq A., Colwell R.R. Molecular analyses of Vibrio cholerae O1, O139, non-O1 and non-O139 strains: clonal relationships between clinical and environmental isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001; 67(2):910–21. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.2.910–921.2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teschler J.K., Zamorano-Sánchez D., Utada A.S., Warner C.J.A., Wong G.C.L., Linington R.G., Yildiz F.H. Living in the matrix: assembly and control of Vibrio cholerae biofilms. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2015; 13(5):255–68. DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3433.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teschler J.K., Zamorano-Sánchez D., Utada A.S., Warner C.J.A., Wong G.C.L., Linington R.G., Yildiz F.H. Living in the matrix: assembly and control of Vibrio cholerae biofilms. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2015; 13(5):255–68. DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3433.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
