<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microbe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы особо опасных инфекций</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0370-1069</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-719X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21055/0370-1069-2017-4-27-31</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">microbe-433</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Выделение, очистка и оценка серологической активности антигенов вируса бешенства</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Isolation, Purification and Evaluation of Serological Activity of Rabies Virus Antigens</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефимова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Efimova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 420075, Татарстан, Казань, Научный городок-2.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nauchniy Gorodok-2. Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vnivi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хаертынов</surname><given-names>К. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khaertynov</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 420075, Татарстан, Казань, Научный городок-2.</p><p>Российская Федерация, 420012, Татарстан, Казань, ул. Бутлерова, 36.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nauchniy Gorodok-2. Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation</p><p>36 Butlerova St., Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russian Federation.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ksma.rf@tatar.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арсланова</surname><given-names>А. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arslanova</surname><given-names>A. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 420075, Татарстан, Казань, Научный городок-2.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nauchniy Gorodok-2. Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмадеев</surname><given-names>Р. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmadeev</surname><given-names>R. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 420075, Татарстан, Казань, Научный городок-2.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nauchniy Gorodok-2. Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 420075, Татарстан, Казань, Научный городок-2.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nauchniy Gorodok-2. Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гумеров</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gumerov</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 420075, Татарстан, Казань, Научный городок-2.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nauchniy Gorodok-2. Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шуралев</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shuralev</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Российская Федерация, 420075, Татарстан, Казань, Научный городок-2.;</p><p>Российская Федерация, 420012, Татарстан, Казань, ул. Бутлерова, 36.;</p><p>Российская Федерация, 420008, Татарстан, Казань, ул. Кремлевская, 18.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nauchniy Gorodok-2. Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation</p><p>36 Butlerova St., Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russian Federation</p><p>18, Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan, Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ecology@kpfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный центр токсикологической, радиационной и биологической безопасности»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный центр токсикологической, радиационной и биологической безопасности»;&#13;
Казанская государственная медицинская академия – филиал ФГБОУ ДПО РМАНПО Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety;&#13;
Kazan State Medical Academy – Affiliated Branch of Federal State-Funded Educational Institution for Further Vocational Education “Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Education”, RF Ministry of Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный центр токсикологической, радиационной и биологической безопасности»;&#13;
Казанская государственная медицинская академия – филиал ФГБОУ ДПО РМАНПО Минздрава России;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety;&#13;
Kazan State Medical Academy – Affiliated Branch of Federal State-Funded Educational Institution for Further Vocational Education “Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Education”, RF Ministry of Health;&#13;
Kazan (Privolzhsky) Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ефимова М.А., Хаертынов К.С., Арсланова А.Ф., Ахмадеев Р.М., Никитин А.И., Гумеров В.Г., Шуралев Э.А., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ефимова М.А., Хаертынов К.С., Арсланова А.Ф., Ахмадеев Р.М., Никитин А.И., Гумеров В.Г., Шуралев Э.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Efimova M.A., Khaertynov K.S., Arslanova A.F., Akhmadeev R.M., Nikitin A.I., Gumerov V.G., Shuralev E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/433">https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/433</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель работы. Оценка серологической активности антигенов вируса бешенства, выделенных из мозговой ткани мышей и очищенных ультрацентрифугированием с предварительной дезинтеграцией на FastPrep. Материалы и методы. В работе использовали производственный штамм вируса бешенства «Овечий» ГНКИ. Вирус бешенства выделяли из мозговой ткани экспериментально зараженных мышей с последующим изучением электрофоретического профиля. Серологическую активность компонентов вируса оценивали иммуноблотом и ИФА с использованием специфических антирабических сывороток крови. Результаты и выводы. В ходе сравнения методов выделения и очистки антигена вируса бешенства наиболее оптимальным определено проведение гомогенизации на FastPrep-24 с последующим фракционированием в градиенте сахарозы. В результате фракционирования в ступенчатом градиенте плотности сахарозы с концентрацией 15–50 % при 25000 g в течение 120 мин получено пять фракций вируса бешенства. Максимально очищенной являлась белковая фракция, отобранная с зоны сахарозы 15–20 %, соответствующая молекулярной массе 67 кДа. Специфическая антигенная активность фракции в ИФА достигала титра 1:1280 (коэффициент специфичности 2,2). В результате иммуноблота антигенов, полученных с градиента сахарозы в диапазоне 40–45 и 20–35 % после ультрацентрифугирования, выявлена одна мажорная фракция полипептидов (54 кДа), проявившая наиболее высокую антигенную активность. Полученные результаты будут применимы при конструировании тест-систем для проведения скрининговых исследований на бешенство и мониторинга эффективности противоэпизоотических мероприятий.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective of the study is to evaluate the serological activity of rabies virus antigens isolated from the brain tissue of mice by homogenization on FastPrep followed by ultracentrifugation. Materials and methods. Producer strain of the rabies virus “Ovechiy” GNKI. The rabies virus was isolated from the brain tissue of experimentally infected mice, followed by the study of the electrophoretic profile. The serological activity of the virus components was assessed by immunoblot and ELISA using specific anti-rabies sera.Results and conclusions. In the course of comparing the methods of isolation and purification of the rabies virus antigen, it was found that most optimal one is to use a homogenization on FastPrep-24, followed by fractionation in a sucrose gradient. As a result of fractionation in a graded sucrose density gradient with a concentration of 15–50 % at 25000 g for 120 min, five fractions of the rabies virus components were obtained. The maximum purified protein fraction was from 15–20 % sucrose zone, which corresponded to a molecular weight of 67 kDa. The specific antigen activity of the fraction in ELISA reached up the titers of 1:1280 (Specificity coefficient 2.2). Using immunoblot of antigens, obtained from the sucrose gradient in the range of 40–45 % and 20–35 % after ultracentrifugation, one major fraction of polypeptides (54 kDa) was detected, which showed the highest antigenic activity. The results obtained will be useful in the design of test systems for rabies screening and monitoring the effectiveness of anti-epizootic measures.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус бешенства</kwd><kwd>антиген</kwd><kwd>FastPrep</kwd><kwd>электрофорез</kwd><kwd>иммуноблот</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rabies virus</kwd><kwd>antigen</kwd><kwd>FastPrep</kwd><kwd>electrophoresis</kwd><kwd>immunoblot</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абрамова Е.Г., Генералов С.В., Матвеева Ж.В., Жулидов И.М., Никифоров А.К., Комиссаров А.В. Экспериментальное обоснование внедрения культуральных технологий в производство антирабического иммуноглобулина. Проб. особо опасных инф. 2016; 2:95–101. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2016-2-95-101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramova E.G., Generalov S.V., Matveeva Z.V., Zhulidov I.M., Nikiforov A.K., Komissarov A.V. [Experimental substantiation of cultural technologies introduction into manufacturing of anti-rabies immunoglobulin]. Probl. Osobo Opasn. Infek. 2016; 2:95–101. DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2016-2-95-101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бельчихина А.В., Караулов А.К. Ретроспективный анализ эпизоотической ситуации по бешенству животных на территории Российской Федерации. Ветеринария сегодня. 2016; 1(16):64–70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belchikhina A.V., Karaulov A.K. [Retrospective analysis of rabies epizootic situation in animals in the territory of the Russian Federation]. Veterinariya Segodnya. 2016; 1(16):64–70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Генералов С.В., Абрамова Е.Г., Матвеева Ж.В., Жулидов И.М., Савицкая Л.В., Лобовикова О.А. Оптимизация условий масштабированного культивирования фиксированного вируса бешенства штамма «Москва 3253» в культуре клеток Vero. Пробл. особо опасных инф. 2014; 2:101–3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Generalov S.V., Abramova E.G., Matveeva Zh.V., Zhulidov I.M., Savitskaya L.V., Lobovikova O.A. [Optimization of specifications for scaledup fixed rabies virus cultivation (“Moscow 3253” strain) in Vero cell culture]. Probl. Osobo Opasn. Infek. 2014; 2:101–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гулюкин А.М., Шабейкин А.А., Зайкова О.Н., Полякова И.В., Забережный А.Д., Хисматуллина Н.А., Самерханов И.И. Особенности эпизоотического процесса и молекулярногенетических характеристик изолятов вируса бешенства в Республике Татарстан. Ветеринарный врач. 2015; 6:3–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gulyukin A.M., Shabeikin A.A., Zaikova O.N., Polyakova I.V., Zaberezhny A.D., Khismatullina N.A., Samerkhanov I.I. [Epidemiological features and molecular-genetic characterization of rabies virus isolates in the Republic of Tatarstan]. Veterinarny Vrach. 2015; 6:3–11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кондрахин И.П., Курилов Н.В., Малахов А.Г., Архипов А.В., Белов А.Д., Беляков И.М., Блинов Н.И., Коробов А.В., Фролова Л.А., Севастьянова Н.А. Клиническая лабораторная диагностика в ветеринарии: справочное издание. М.: Агропромиздат; 1985. 287 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondrakhin I.P., Kurilov N.V., Malakhov A.G., Arkhipov A.V., Belov A.D., Belyakov I.M., Blinov N.I., Korobov A.V., Frolova L.A., Sevast’yanova N.A. [Clinical laboratory diagnostics in veterinary medicine: reference edition]. Moscow: “Agropromizdat”; 1985. 287 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шабейкин А.А., Зайкова О.Н., Гулюкин А.М. Обзор эпизоотической ситуации по бешенству в Российской Федерации за период с 1991 по 2015 год. Ветеринария Кубани. 2016; 4:4–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shabeikin A.A., Zaikova O.N., Gulyukin A.M. [Overview of epizootic situation on rabies between 1991 and 2015 in the Russian Federation]. Veterinariya Kubani. 2016; 4:4–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chacko K., Parakadavathu R.T., Al-Maslamani M., Nair A.P., Chekura A.P., Madhavan I. Diagnostic difficulties in human rabies: A case report and review of the literature. Qatar Med. J. 2017; 2016(2):15. DOI: 10.5339/qmj.2016.15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chacko K., Parakadavathu R.T., Al-Maslamani M., Nair A.P., Chekura A.P., Madhavan I. Diagnostic difficulties in human rabies: A case report and review of the literature. Qatar Med. J. 2017; 2016(2):15. DOI: 10.5339/qmj.2016.15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duong V., Tarantola A., Ong S., Mey C., Choeung R., Ly S., Bourhy H., Dussart P., Buchy P. Laboratory diagnostics in dog-mediated rabies: an overview of performance and a proposed strategy for various settings. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2016; 46:107–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duong V., Tarantola A., Ong S., Mey C., Choeung R., Ly S., Bourhy H., Dussart P., Buchy P. Laboratory diagnostics in dog-mediated rabies: an overview of performance and a proposed strategy for various settings. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2016; 46:107–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eggerbauer E., de Benedictis P., Hoffmann B., Mettenleiter T.C., Schlottau K., Ngoepe E.C., Sabeta C.T., Freuling C.M., Müller T. Evaluation of six commercially available rapid immunochromatographic tests for the diagnosis of rabies in brain material. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2016; 10(6):e0004776. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004776.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eggerbauer E., de Benedictis P., Hoffmann B., Mettenleiter T.C., Schlottau K., Ngoepe E.C., Sabeta C.T., Freuling C.M., Müller T. Evaluation of six commercially available rapid immunochromatographic tests for the diagnosis of rabies in brain material. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2016; 10(6):e0004776. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004776.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faye M., Dacheux L., Weidmann M., Diop S.A., Loucoubar C., Bourhy H., Sall A.A., Faye O. Development and validation of sensitive real-time RT-PCR assay for broad detection of rabies virus. J. Virol. Methods. 2017; 243:120–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.12.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faye M., Dacheux L., Weidmann M., Diop S.A., Loucoubar C., Bourhy H., Sall A.A., Faye O. Development and validation of sensitive realtime RT-PCR assay for broad detection of rabies virus. J. Virol. Methods. 2017; 243:120–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.12.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laemmli U.K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970; 227(5259):680–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laemmli U.K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970; 227(5259):680–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Léchenne M., Naïssengar K., Lepelletier A., Alfaroukh I.O., Bourhy H., Zinsstag J., Dacheux L. Validation of a rapid rabies diagnostic tool for field surveillance in developing countries. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2016; 10(10):e0005010. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Léchenne M., Naïssengar K., Lepelletier A., Alfaroukh I.O., Bourhy H., Zinsstag J., Dacheux L. Validation of a rapid rabies diagnostic tool for field surveillance in developing countries. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2016;10(10):e0005010. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manoj S., Mukherjee A., Johri S., Kumar K.V. Recovery from rabies, a universally fatal disease. Mil. Med. Res. 2016; 3:21. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-016-0089-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manoj S., Mukherjee A., Johri S., Kumar K.V. Recovery from rabies, a universally fatal disease. Mil. Med. Res. 2016; 3:21. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-016-0089-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maxwell M.J., Freire de Carvalho M.H., Hoet A.E., Vigilato M.A., Pompei J.C., Cosivi O., Del Rio Vilas V.J. Building the road to a regional zoonoses strategy: A survey of zoonoses programmes in the Americas. PLoS One. 2017; 12(3):e0174175. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maxwell M.J., Freire de Carvalho M.H., Hoet A.E., Vigilato M.A., Pompei J.C., Cosivi O., Del Rio Vilas V.J. Building the road to a regional zoonoses strategy: A survey of zoonoses programmes in the Americas. PLoS One. 2017; 12(3):e0174175. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tekki I.S., Ponfa Z.N., Nwosuh C.I., Kumbish P.R., Jonah C.L., Okewole P.A., Shamaki D., Ahmed S.M. Comparative assessment of seller’s staining test (SST) and direct fluorescent antibody test for rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of rabies. Afr. Health Sci. 2016; 16(1):123–7. DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v16i1.16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tekki I.S., Ponfa Z.N., Nwosuh C.I., Kumbish P.R., Jonah C.L., Okewole P.A., Shamaki D., Ahmed S.M. Comparative assessment of seller’s staining test (SST) and direct fluorescent antibody test for rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of rabies. Afr. Health Sci. 2016; 16(1):123–7. DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v16i1.16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
