References

microbe

Проблемы особо опасных инфекций

Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections

0370-10692658-719X

Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”

10.21055/0370-1069-2013-4-82-88

microbe-85

Research Article

ДИАГНОСТИКА

DIAGNOSTICS

Ортопоксвирусные инфекции: эпидемиология, клиника, диагностика (обзор)

Orthopoxvirus Infections: Epidemiology, Clinical Picture, and Diagnostics (Scientific Review)

Гаврилова

Е. В.

Gavrilova

E. V.

vector@vector.nsc.ru

Максютов

Р. А.

Maksyutov

R. A.

vector@vector.nsc.ru

Щелкунов

С. Н.

Shchelkunov

S. N.

vector@vector.nsc.ru

Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор»РоссияState Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”Russian Federation

2013

20122013

048288

2013

Гаврилова Е.В., Максютов Р.А., Щелкунов С.Н.

Gavrilova E.V., Maksyutov R.A., Shchelkunov S.N.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://journal.microbe.ru/jour/article/view/85

Отсутствие у населения иммунитета против патогенных для человека ортопоксвирусных инфекций и участившиеся случаи поражения человека данными вирусами требует разработки быстрых высокочувствительных методов видоспецифичной диагностики ортопоксвирусов. В обзоре представлена современная эпидемиологическая ситуация по ортопоксвирусным инфекциям человека. Освещены клинические аспекты течения заболеваний, вызванных вирусами натуральной оспы (ВНО), оспы обезьян, оспы коров и осповакцины. Представлен исторический обзор классических методов диагностики данных вирусов. Обобщены достижения в области современных молекулярно-диагностических методов, учитывающих как родоспецифичную, так и видоспецифичную детекцию агентов ортопоксвирусных инфекций человека. Показана актуальность такого типирования в плане возможного появления ВНО-подобного вируса в результате естественной эволюции существующих зоонозных ортопоксвирусов или применения вируса натуральной оспы в качестве агента биотерроризма.

Lack of immunity among the population against pathogenic orthopoxviruses and an increased number of these infections human cases testify to the need of development of the rapid high-sensitive methods for species-specific orthopoxvirus diagnostics. The review presents current epidemiological situation on human orthopoxvirus infections. Addressed are clinical aspects of the disease, caused by small pox virus (SPV), Monkeypox virus, cowpox virus, and vaccinia virus. Represented is a historical survey of the conventional methods for diagnostics of these particular viruses. Reconsidered are the benefits of researches into the sphere of state-of-the-art molecular-diagnostic techniques taking into view both genus-specific and species-specific detection of agents, causing orthopoxvirus infections in humans. Demonstrated is the urgency of new-generation typing in view of occurrence of a novel SPV-like virus emerged as a result of natural evolution of existing zoonotic orthopoxviruses or SPV application as a biological terroristic agent.

вирус натуральной оспывирус оспы обезьянвирус оспы короввирус осповакцинымультиплексный ПЦРПЦР в реальном временивидоспецифичная детекцияsmall pox virusMonkeypox viruscowpox virusvaccinia virusmultiplex PCRreal-time PCRspecies-specific detection

References1

Гаврилова Е.В., Бабкин И.В., Щелкунов С.Н. Мультиплексный ПЦР-анализ для видоспецифичной экспресс идентификации ортопоксвирусов. Мол. генет. микробиол. и вирусол. 2003; 1:45–52.

Gavrilova E.V., Babkin I.V., Shchelkunov S.N. [Multiplex-PCR assay for species-specific express identification of orthopoxviruses]. Mol. Genet. Mikrobiol. Virusol. 2003; 1:45–52.

Методические рекомендации. Натуральная оспа (клиника, лечение, иммунопрофилактика). М.: ФМБА; 2006. 60 c.

[Smallpox virus (clinical picture, treatment and immune-prophylaxis)]. Methodological Recommendations (MR). M.: FMBA; 2006. 60 p.

Abrahao J.S., Guedes M.I.M., Trindade G.S., Fonseca F.G., Campos R.K., Mota B.F., Lobato Z.I., Silva-Fernandes A.T., Rodrigues G.O., Lima L.S., Ferreira P.C., Bonjardim C.A., Kroon E.G. One more piece in the VACV ecological puzzle: could peridomestic rodents be the link between wildlife and bovine vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil? PLoS ONE. 2009; 4:e7428.

Aitichou M., Saleh S., Kyusung P., Huggins J., O’Guinn M., Jahrling P., Ibrahim S. Dual-probe real-time PCR assay for detection of variola or other orthopoxviruses with dried reagents. J. Virol. Methods. 2008; 153(2):190–5.

Bonnekoh B., Falk K., Reckling K., Kenklies S., Nitsche A., Ghebremedhin B., Pokrywka A., Franke I., Thriene B., König W., Pauli G., Gollnick H. Cowpox infection transmitted from a domestic cat. J. Dtsch Dermatol. Ges. 2008; 6:210–3.

Bray M., Buller M. Looking back at smallpox. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 38:882–9.

Breman J.G. Monkeypox: an emerging infection for humans? In: Scheld W.M., Craig W.A., Hughes J.M, editors. Emerging infections 4. Washington: ASM Press; 2000. P. 45–67.

Campe H., Zimmermann P., Glos K., Bayer M., Bergemann H., Dreweck C., Graf P., Weber B.K., Meyer H., Büttner M., Busch U., Sing A. Cowpox virus transmission from pet rats to humans, Germany. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2009; 15:777–80.

Campe H., Zimmermann P., Glos K., Bayer M., Bergemann H., Dreweck C., Graf P., Weber B.K., Meyer H., Büttner M., Busch U., Sing A. Cowpox virus transmission from pet rats to humans, Germany. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2009; 15:777–80.

Carletti F., Bordi L., Castilletti C., Di Caro A., Falasca L., Gioia C., Ippolito G., Zaniratti S., Beltrame A., Viale P., Capobianchi M.R. Cat-to-human orthopoxvirus transmission northeastern Italy. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2009; 15:499–500.

Carletti F., Bordi L., Castilletti C., Di Caro A., Falasca L., Gioia C., Ippolito G., Zaniratti S., Beltrame A., Viale P., Capobianchi M.R. Catto-human orthopoxvirus transmission northeastern Italy. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2009; 15:499–500.

CDC. Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox in Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003; 52:642–6.

Damon I.K., Roth C.E., Chowdhary V. Discovery of monkeypox in Sudan. N. J. Engl. Med. 2006; 355(9):962–3

Elsendoorn A., Agius G., Le Moal G., Aajaji F., Favier AL., Wierzbicka-Hainault E., Béraud G., Flusin O., Crance J.M., Roblot F. Severe ear chondritis due to cowpox virus transmitted by a pet rat. J. Infect. 2011; 63(5):391–3.

Espy M.J., Cockerill F.R., Meyer R.F., Bowen M.D., Poland G.A., Hadfield T.L., Smith T.F. Detection of smallpox virus DNA by LightCycler PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002; 40(6):1985–8.

Fedele C.G., Negredo A., Molero F., Sanchez-Seco M.P., Tenorio A. Use of Internally Controlled Real-Time Genome Amplification for Detection of Variola Virus and Other Orthopoxviruses Infecting Humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2006; 44(12):4464–70.

Fitzgibbon J.E., Sagripanti J.L. Simultaneous identification of orthopoxviruses and alphaviruses by oligonucleotide macroarray with special emphasis on detection of variola and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. J. Virol. Methods. 2006; 131(2):160–7.

Gallwitz S., Schutzbank T., Heberling R.L., Katler S.S., Galpin J.E. Smallpox: residual antibody after vaccination. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003; 41:4068–70.

Gavrilova E.V., Shcherbakov D.N., Maksyutov R.A., Shchelkunov S.N. Development of Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Cowpox Virus. J. Clin. Virol. 2010; 49(1):37–40.

Gurav Y.K., Raut C.G., Yadav P.D., Tandale B.V., Sivaram A., Pore M.D., Basu A., Mourya D.T., Mishra A.C. Buffalopox outbreak in humans and animals in Western Maharashtra, India. Prev. Vet. Med. 2011; 100(3–4):242–7

Honlinger B., Huemer H.P., Romani N., Czerny C.P., Eisendel K., Hopel R. Generalized cowpox infection probably transmitted from a rat. Br. J. Dermatol. 2005; 153:451–3.

Human monkeypox in Kasai Oriental, Zaire (1996–1997). Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. 1997; 72(15):101–4.

Ibrahim M.S., Kulesh D.A., Saleh S.S., Damon I.K., Esposito J.J., Schmaljohn A.L., Jahrling P.B. Real-time PCR assay to detect smallpox virus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003; 41(8):3835–39.

Kinnunen P.M., Henttonen H., Hoffmann B., Kallio E.R., Korthase C., Laakkonen J., Niemimaa J., Palva A., Schlegel M., Ali H.S., Suominen P., Ulrich R.G., Vaheri A., Vapalahti O. Orthopox virus infections in Eurasian wild rodents. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011; 11(8):1133–40.

Kroon E.G., Mota B.E., Abrahão J.S., Fonseca F.G., Trindade G.D. Zoonotic Brazilian Vaccinia virus: From field to therapy. Antiviral Res. 2011; 92(2):150–63.

Kulesh D.A., Baker R.O., Loveless B.M., Norwood D., Zwiers S.H., Mucker E., Hartmann C., Herrera R., Miller D., Christensen D., Wasieloski L.P.Jr., Huggins J., Jahrling P.B. Smallpox and pan-orthopox virus detection by real-time 3'-minor groove binder TaqMan assays on the Roche LightCycler and the Cepheid Smart Cycler platforms. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004; 42(2):601–9.

Kulesh D.A., Baker R.O., Loveless B.M., Norwood D., Zwiers S.H., Mucker E., Hartmann C., Herrera R., Miller D., Christensen D., Wasieloski L.P.Jr., Huggins J., Jahrling P.B. Smallpox and pan-orthopox virus detection by real-time 3’-minor groove binder TaqMan assays on the Roche LightCycler and the Cepheid Smart Cycler platforms. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004; 42(2):601–9.

Kulesh D.A., Loveless B.M., Norwood D., Garrison J., Whitehouse C.A., Hartmann C., Mucker E., Miller D., Wasieloski L.P.Jr., Huggins J., Huhn G., Miser L.L., Imig C., Martinez M., Larsen T., Rossi C.A., Ludwig G.V. Monkeypox virus detection in rodents using real-time 3’-minor groove binder TaqMan assays on the Roche LightCycler. Lab. Invest. 2004; 84(9):1200–8.

Learned L.A., Reynolds M.G., Wassa D.W., Li Y., Olson V.A., Karem K., Stempora L.L., Braden Z.H., Kline R., Likos A., Libama F., Moudzeo H., Bolanda J.D., Tarangonia P., Boumandoki P., Formenty P., Harvey J.M., Damon I.K. Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the republic of the Congo, 2003. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2005; 73(2):428–34.

Mukinda V.B.K., Mwema G., Kilundu M., Heymann D.L., Khan A.S., Esposito J.J. Re-emergence of human monkeypox in Zaire in 1996. Monkeypox Epidemiologic Working Group. Lancet. 1997; 349:1449–50.

Mukinda V.B.K., Mwema G., Kilundu M., Heymann D.L., Khan A.S., Esposito J.J. Re-emergence of human monkeypox in Zaire in 1996. Monkeypox Epidemiologic Working Group. Lancet. 1997; 349:1449–50. 28. Ninove L., Domart Y., Vervel C., Voinot C., Salez N., Raoult D. Cowpox virus transmission from pet rats to humans, France. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2009; 15:781–4.

Ninove L., Domart Y., Vervel C., Voinot C., Salez N., Raoult D. Cowpox virus transmission from pet rats to humans, France. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2009; 15:781–4.

Nitsche A., Kurth A., Pauli G. Viremia in human Cowpox virus infection. J. Clin. Virol. 2007; 40:160–2.

Nitsche A., Ellerbrok H., Pauli G. Detection of orthopoxvirus DNA by real-time PCR and identification of variola virus DNA by melting analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004; 42(3):1207–13.

Nitsche A., Steger B., Ellerbrok H., Pauli G. Detection of vaccinia virus DNA on the LightCycler by fluorescence melting curve analysis. J. Virol. Methods. 2005; 126:187–95.

Olson V.A., Laue T., Laker M.T., Babkin I.V., Drosten C., Shchelkunov S.N., Niedrig M., Damon I.K., Meyer H. Real-time PCR system for detection of orthopoxviruses and simultaneous identification of smallpox virus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004; 42(5):1940–46.

Panning M., Asper M., Kramme S., Schmitz H., Drosten C. Rapid detection and differentiation of human pathogenic orthopox viruses by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer real-time PCR assay. Clin. Chem. 2004; 50(4):702–8.

Putkuri N., Piiparinen H., Vaheri A., Vapalahti O. Detection of human orthopoxviruses infections and differentiation of smallpox virus with real-time PCR. J. Med. Virol. 2009; 81:146–52.

Reynolds M.G., Carroll D.S., Olson V.A., Hughes C., Galley J., Likos A., Montgomery J.M., Suu-Ire R., Kwasi M.O., Jeffrey Root J., Braden Z., Abel J., Clemmons C., Regnery R., Karem K., Damon I.K. A Silent Enzootic of an Orthopoxvirus in Ghana, West Africa: Evidence for Multi-Species. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2010; 82(4):746–54.

Rimoin A.W., Mulembakani P.M., Johnston S.C., Lloyd Smith J.O., Kisalu N.K., Kinkela T.L., Blumberg S., Thomassen H.A., Pike B.L., Fair J.N., Wolfe N.D., Shongo R.L., Graham B.S., Formenty P., Okitolonda E., Hensley L.E., Meyer H., Wright L.L., Muyembe J.J. Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010; 107:16262–7.

Ryabinin V.A., Shundrin L.A., Kostina E.B., Laassri M., Chizhikov V., Shchelkunov S.N., Chumakov K., Sinyakov A.N. Microarray assay for detection and discrimination of Orthopoxvirus species. J. Med. Virol. 2006; 78(10):1325–40.

Saijo M., Ami Y., Suzaki Yuriko., Nagata N., Iwata N., Hasegawa H., Ogata M., Fukushi S., Mizutani T., Iizuka I., Sakai K., Sata T., Kurata T., Kurane I., Morikawa S. Diagnosis and assessment of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection by quantitative PCR assay: differentiation of congo basin and west African MPXV strains. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 2008; 61:140–2.

Scaramozzino N., Ferrier-Rembert A., Favier A., Rothlisberger C., Richard S., Crance J., Meyer H., Garin D. Real-time PCR to identify variola virus or other human pathogenic orthopox viruses. Clin. Chem. 2007; 53(4):606–13.

Schmidt M., Roth K.W., Meyer H., Seifried E., Hourfar M.K. Nucleic acid test screening of blood donors for orthopoxviruses can potentially prevent dispersion of viral agents in case of bioterrorism. Transfusion. 2005; 45:399–403.

Shchelkunov S.N. How long ago did smallpox virus emerge? Arch. Virol. 2009; 154:1865–71.

Shchelkunov S.N., Gavrilova E.V., Babkin I.V. Multiplex PCR detection and species differentiation of orthopoxviruses pathogenic to humans. Mol. Cell. Probes. 2005; 19:1–8.

Shchelkunov S.N., Marennikova S.S., Moyer R.W. Orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans. New York: Springer; 2005. 425 p.

Shchelkunov S.N., Shcherbakov D.N., Maksyutov R.A., Gavrilova E.V. Species-specific identification of variola, monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses by multiplex real-time PCR assay. J. Virol. Methods. 2011; 175(2):163–9.

Trindade G.H., Li Y., Olson V.A., Emerson G., Regnery R.L., Fonseca F.G., Kroon E.G., Damon I. Real-time PCR assay to identify variants of Vaccinia virus: implications for the diagnosis of bovine vaccinia in Brazil. J. Virol. Methods. 2008; 152:63–71.

Vorou R.M., Papavassiliou V.G., Pierroutsakos I.N. Cowpox virus infection: an emerging health threat. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2008; 21:153–6.

Zafar A., Swanepoel R., Hewson R., Nizam M., Ahmed A., Husain A., Grobbelaar A., Bewley K., Mioulet V., Dowsett B., Easterbrook L., Hasan R. Nosocomial buffalopoxvirus infection, Karachi, Pakistan. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007; 13:902–4.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.