Эпизоотологическая и эпидемиологическая обстановка по высокопатогенному гриппу птиц в мире и на территории Российской Федерации в 2024 г.

Цель работы – анализ циркуляции наиболее важных в эпидемиологическом значении вариантов вируса гриппа птиц в мире и России за 2024 г. Ситуация по высокопатогенному гриппу птиц в мире в 2024 г. оставалась напряженной. Инфекция затронула 68 стран, в результате чего погибли или были уничтожены порядка 19 млн голов сельскохозяйственной птицы. Кроме того, зафиксировано большое количество случаев выявления вируса гриппа А(H5N1) среди диких и домашних млекопитающих, преимущественно на территории США. К их числу относятся вспышки на молочных фермах, в течение всего года поражавшие стада и охватившие к концу года более 900 молочных хозяйств на территории 16 штатов, а также ставшие причиной инфицирования 40 работников ферм в четырех штатах. Вирусы А(H5N1), выявленные у работников ферм, содержали мутации адаптации к млекопитающим. Всего в 2024 г. зарегистрировано более 100 случаев инфицирования людей зоонозными вариантами вируса гриппа, при этом в 81 случае выявлен вирус гриппа A(H5N1). Помимо вспышек A(H5N1), в мире отмечена циркуляция и других вариантов вируса гриппа, таких как A(H5N6), A(H5N8), A(H5N5), A(H5N2). Кроме того, в ряде стран регистрировались вспышки среди домашней птицы, вызванные различными подтипами вируса гриппа A(H7). В России ситуация по высокопатогенному вирусу гриппа в 2024 г. была менее напряженной. Все выявленные вирусы гриппа А(H5N1) относились к кладе 2.3.4.4b и генетически схожи с вакцинными штаммами, рекомендованными ВОЗ. Исследованные вирусы антигенно схожи с референсным штаммом A/goose/Tyumen/359- 13/2021(H5N1), идентичным по последовательности НА1 вакцинному штамму A/Astrakhan/3212/2020 (H5N8). Кроме того, в 2024 г. выделен вирус гриппа подтипа A(H9N2). Результаты исследования данного штамма показали, что выявленный вирус относится к генетической кладе Y439 и не содержит мутаций, связанных с повышенной патогенностью и устойчивостью к лекарственным препаратам.

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