Эндемические микозы на Африканском континенте

Представлен обзор современных микробиологических, эпидемиологических и диагностических аспектов некоторых эндемических микозов (гистоплазмоза, бластомикоза, эмергомикоза), обнаруженных на Африканском континенте. Другие эндемические микозы (кокцидиоидомикоз, паракокцидиоидомикоз, таларомикоз) в Африке не описаны и могут быть только занесены извне. Гистоплазмоз, вызываемый Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum, широко распространен в мире, но Африка – единственный континент, на котором сосуществуют два варианта – H. capsulatum и H. duboisii. Последний является возбудителем заболевания, названного «африканский гистоплазмоз». Диссеминированные формы гистоплазмоза диагностируют у 5–20 % лиц, инфицированных ВИЧ. Африканские случаи бластомикоза вызываются преимущественно видами Blastomyces percursus и B. emzantsi, которые значительно отличаются от этиологических агентов этого заболевания в Северной Америке (B. dermatitidis и B. gilchristii). Количество диагностированных случаев эндемических микозов в Африке существенно повысилось в последнее десятилетие, что, возможно, связано с новым заболеванием – эмергомикозом. Один из этиологических агентов этого микоза – диморфный гриб Emergomyces africanus. Лабораторная диагностика эндемических микозов в большинстве стран Африки ограничена в связи с недостатком опытного персонала и современных тест-систем.

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