Обзор эпизоотической и эпидемической ситуации по высокопатогенному гриппу птиц в России и мире в 2025 г.

В 2025 г. сохранялась высокая эпизоотическая активность высокопатогенного вируса гриппа птиц (ВПВГП), о чем свидетельствуют более 7 тыс. вспышек среди домашней и дикой птицы в 75 странах мира, сопровождавшиеся гибелью или вынужденным уничтожением сельскохозяйственных птиц, число которых превысило 98 млн. Большинство зарегистрированных в мире вспышек связано с ВПВГП A(H5N1) клады 2.3.4.4b, преобладающим в циркуляции во всем мире с 2021 г. Помимо доминирующего подтипа A(H5N1) клады 2.3.4.4b, наблюдалась циркуляция других высокопатогенных подтипов, включая A(H5N5), A(H5N2), A(H5N8) и A(H5N9), а также A(H7), что указывает на продолжающуюся эволюцию вируса гриппа птиц в природных и антропогенных экосистемах. В США и ряде других стран ВПВГП A(H5N1) стал причиной многочисленных случаев заболевания диких и домашних млекопитающих, а также людей. В 2025 г. впервые в мире зарегистрирован случай заболевания человека гриппом A(H5N5) в США. Всего в 2025 г. зарегистрировано 74 случая зоонозной передачи ВПВГП человеку, в том числе 32 случая, вызванных вирусом A(H5) различных клад (2.3.4.4b, 2.3.2.1e, 2.3.2.1a), что указывает на продолжающийся рост межвидовой передачи, который несет потенциальную угрозу для общественного здоровья. В Российской Федерации в 2025 г. сохранялась напряженная эпизоотическая обстановка – зарегистрированы вспышки, вызванные ВПВГП A(H5N1) клады 2.3.4.4b, среди диких и домашних птиц. При этом на Дальнем Востоке отмечена циркуляция вируса A(H5N1), содержащего мутации повышенной вирулентности для млекопитающих. Также в части выделенных изолятов A(H5N1) обнаружены аминокислотные замены в антигенных сайтах. Несмотря на продолжающуюся эволюцию, на данный момент не наблюдается значительного изменения антигенных свойств ВПВГП A(H5N1), циркулирующих в Российской Федерации.

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