The study in question of the structure and content of international cooperation in the sphere of sanitary-and-epidemiological welfare of the population in its various formats – on the UN, WHO, “G-8”, CIS, EurAsEC, SCO, and BRICS levels, as well as within the frames of bilateral relations between the Russian Federation and Republic of Kazakhstan – has made it possible to develop a model of international intercourse organization characterized by such functional features as assessment of the epidemiological situation peculiarities and IHR implementation status, realization of global strategy for infectious diseases control, systemic modernization of methodology, technologies, materials-and-equipment resources as well as human assets and production of medical immune-biological preparations (MIBP), stationary network and mobile complexes for emergency response in order to level the interstate potentials for the provision of effective prevention, detection and monitoring over emergency situations in the sphere of sanitary-and-epidemiological welfare of the population (ES). Top-priority in the list of the ESs is given to novel emerging infectious diseases control as it primarily demands improvement of the informational–and–analytical prognosis–modeling base within the frames of epidemiological surveillance system and sanitary protection of the state territories. Great need in such type of projects is substantiated based on the examples of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic and West-Nile fevers control. Nevertheless, for the realization of the model, coordinating functional authority/agency is required.

Displayed are the results of epizootiological differentiation of the Pre-Caspian sandy plague focus in the territory supervised by Astrakhan and Elista plague control stations (Volga-Kumsk Interfleuve). This differentiation is significant for further development of epizootiological monitoring practice in the enzootic regions. Using circular extrapolation method, designed is the map of the persistent epizootic region within the last period of the focus activation since 1979 till 2010. Depicted is the dislocation of focus activity nucleuses and areas where short-term epizootic process is registered. Identified are their qualitative characteristics. Determined is the fact that density of plague-positive samples in the nucleuses is much higher, than in the areas with non-recurring manifestations. This cartographic differentiation model can be used for justified and substantiated planning of epidemiological control measures and further investigation of problems related to plague epizootiology.

Carried out is the analysis of spatial location of tryptophan-dependent variants of plague microbe in the territory of Altai mountain plague natural focus. 1166
Y. pestis strains isolated in 1990–2010, were studied as regards nutrient requirements. 140 of them (12 %) were determined as tryptophan-dependent. The highest occurence of such strains was registered in Ulandryk focal region (21.6 % in average). Among strains isolated in Tarkhatin focal region only 2.3 % were tryptophan-dependent, and in Kuray region they were absent. Thus, the data obtained suggest that spatial heterogeneity of
Y. pestis
subsp.
altaica in the focus takes place.

Mathematic modeling and prognostication of infectious diseases epidemic process is a promising trend of epidemiologic investigations. The complex of mathematic models (SEIRF type) of plague epidemic process was developed for this purpose by the Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe” and laboratory of epidemiologic cybernetics of N.F.Gamaleya Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology. The data on the plague outbreak in 1945 in the rural settlement Avan’ (Aral region of Kzyl-Orda district of Kazakh SSR) were used to test working efficiency of this complex. The data analysis permitted to obtain the starting and boundary conditions for epidemic process modeling. In the process of modeling the mathematical models of epidemic process of plague with various ways of infection transmission for each epidemic focus in regard with historical data were used. The data were processed by the analytical platform Deductor 5.1. Identified was strong positive correlation between estimated and historical data – r = +0,71. The results received testify that mathematic models are effective and give high degree of confidence. They can be used to receive quantitative characteristics of prognosis for plague epidemic process development with different transmission routes considering that anti-epidemic measures have been taken.

Deliberate infecting of large groups of people with particularly dangerous infectious diseases agents as a result of bioterrorist attacks is still considered as an actual risk factor. Scenarios of development and aftermaths of smallpox epidemic in a large city are compared using mathematical model developed in SRC VB “Vector”. These scenarios provide that different number of people have become infected with smallpox and capacities of isolation wards with high level of protection vary. The results of the modeling suggest that lack of the one, even very important resource, can be partially compensated by implementing other counter-epidemic measures (large-scale vaccination, detection of the contacts and their monitoring). Thus when planning counter-epidemic measures one must take into consideration the resource limitations as a whole.

Globalization of world economy and politico-economical changes in Russia are the preconditions for the formation of new sanitary-quarantine control methodology based on the identification of risks for sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population. Considered this, conducted is the analysis of every possible risk with a view to estimation of probability of the events that pose a hazard to sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population.

Analysis of the current epidemiological situation has revealed that epidemic manifestations of infectious diseases, caused by Marburg and Ebola viruses, have been undergoing significant changes over the recent years. Globalization of epidemic process seems obvious due to the scale of the outbreaks, extension of nosoarea, increase in the morbidity rate, short-cut of the intervals between epidemic outbreaks, and increase of the probability of infection export outside the foci of endemic territories. Normative documents regulating the process of diagnostic investigations aimed at detection of Marburg/ Ebola virus agents are missing. In this connection, put forward is the scientific-methodological approach to epidemiological analysis and laboratory diagnostics of the diseases caused by these viruses.

In non-pigmented and plasmid-deprived mutants – isogenic variants of highly virulent
Yersinia pestis 231 strain – studied is the mechanism of biofilm formation on biotic surfaces, both
in vitro (on the laboratory model of nematode
Caenorhabdiitis elegans) and
in vivo (inside the alimentary tract of
Nosopsyllus laeviceps flea). It is determined that spontaneous loss of ability to form biofilms and generate pigmented colonies in the mutants is probably caused not only by the deletion of the whole chromosome pigmentation fragment, but also by a point(single base) mutation in structural
hms operon. It is demonstrated that the absence of
pCad, pFra or
pPst plasmids does not have an impact on the ability of plasmid-deprived mutants to form biofilm on the cuticle of nematode
C. elegans.

, and degraded polysaccharide (PS) are easily soluble in water and in 0,9 % NaCl solution. They are homogenous and characterized by an adequate degree of purity. Aside from that, it is demonstrated that potentially PS is the most productive molecule fragment of LPS for the construction of plague immunodiagnostic preparation, since despite its decreased cytotoxocity PS retains identity of chemical composition and immunechemical specificity of endotoxin.

Represented are the results of studies on variability of properties characterizing persistent potential of
V. cholerae in biofilm communities under the long-term cultivation in river water. Demonstrated is the fact that in the cold water epidemically significant cholera vibrios form thin biofilms and do not survive for the most part. But atoxigenic strains, isolated from the water, can survive in the environment both in the cold and warm time of the year due to formation of thick biofilm and realization of the persistent activity. Expressiveness of the properties studied, except antilysozyme activity (ALA), directly correlate with biofilm formation intensity. In case of ALA one observes inverse correlation.

Presented are the data on detection and characterization of phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activities in detoxicated cultural fluid of production
Vibrio cholerae strains 569B and M41, and in choleragen-anatoxin and O-antigenic fraction, the vaccine components. These enzymes were demonstrated to be present in the cholera vaccine tablet, thus its biochemical properties were characterized more completely.

The endotoxin tolerance phenomenon has been reproduced
in vivo. Different forms of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of vaccine (EV 76) and virulent (231)
Y. pestis strains, grown at 28 and 37 °C, and LPS of S- and R-chemotypes of
Escherichia coli were injected to the white mice in different combinations. Determined is the fact that primary and repeated injection of plague microbe LPS preparations in any combinations results in suppression of inflammatory response regardless of the differences in the LPS structure. In case of combined administration of
Y. pestis LPS and
E. coli LPS, the response depends on the LPS form and can vary from complete or partial tolerance to its total absence.

) KOE). Identified are the patho-morphological changes in the organs of animals, inoculated with
Photorhabdus spp. strains.

Carried out was immunobiological evaluation of cholera toxin B subunit preparations obtained using different experimental and production methods. It was demonstrated that B subunit preparations were non-toxic for biomodels and did not cause significant pathological alterations in their organs and tissues. They also did not alter the condition of immunocompetent cells at different stages of their cycle, and promote anti-toxic antibodies production. Thus, B subunit preparations under study can be considered as promising components of cholera vaccine.

) appear to be highly virulent for chickens. The chance of AFV infection of chickens in case of intranasal challenge is 20 times as great as in the case of peroral one, and 300 times as great as in the case of intragastral one, which bears evidence to higher sensitivity to AFV of the tissues of avian respiratory organs, in comparison with the tissues of gastro-intestinal tract. Therewith, primary target organ for virus in intranasal infected birds is their respiratory channel (mucous membrane of the nasal cavity in particular). Registered is the possibility of existence of fecal-nasal AFV transfer mechanism in chickens.

– for environmental objects. Application of the preparation for practical purposes was considered to be promising, and it was recommended for State registration as a product of medical application.

Put forward is the algorithm of laboratory diagnostics applied for examination of Ixodic ticks (IT) for tularemia. It involves carrying out primary screening of tick suspensions for the presence of species-specific fragments of DNA and antigen. It is recommended that laboratory analysis starts with PCR, taking into account its high sensitivity and diagnostic value. Pools with positive PCR tests are subjected to verification by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immune-chromatographic tests. In case of tularemia antigen detection, these pools of IT are examined with the help of biological or bacteriological techniques to isolate the agent.

Studied are immunochemical properties of antigen preparations, the spectrum and molar masses of the components contained. Demonstrated is the significance of vertical SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunodiffusion test, immunoelectrophoresis assay, rocket immunoelectrophoresis with specific sera for identification and differentiation of
Burkholderia. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis should be viewed as the most informative method which allows for differentiation between pathogenic and non-pathogenic for humans
Burkholderia under usual terms.

Demonstrated is the possibility to use
in vitro basophil activation test with anthraxin, with registration of the results by means of flow cytometry, for anthrax diagnostics. This approach seems promising as it provides quantitative assessment of sensitization of the organism and does not cause its additional allergization. The duration of the analysis is 1h. The test is suggested for application, as an express one, for early and retrospective laboratory diagnostics of anthrax, estimation of post-vaccinal immunity.

Dry nutrient media on the basis of hepatic infusion and Siberian roach hydrolyzate are constructed. Experimental data demonstrate that these media possess high sensitivity, completely inhibit growth of S-form
Brucella, do not require рН adjustment, filtration and autoclaving. They can be used for isolation, cultivation and accumulation of L-form
Brucella for bacteriological diagnostics of brucellosis. As these media are accessible for transportation, they are applicable for stationary and field conditions.

Determined are optimal structure and basic principles of organization of work in the mobile indication laboratory for carrying-out of epizootiological surveillance over particularly dangerous and other natural foci infections. Outlined are the requirements to the laboratory itself, to specialists, and organization of investigations too. All the measures mentioned above will allow to entrench the order of laboratory diagnostics conducted in the mobile laboratory in case of epizootiological surveillance over natural foci of particularly dangerous infectious diseases.

Presented are the results of validation of technological process of production of brucellosis diagnosticum

Carried out was evaluation of the effect of water extracts from basidiomycetes in Vero cell culture on variola virus, and vaccinia virus. Antiviral effect demonstrated
Inonotus obliquus (Chaga), befungin and melanin from chaga,
Ganoderma applanatum (Artist’s Bracket)
, Fomitopsis officinalis (Larch Fungus)
.

In the genome of antibiotic-sensitive
Vibrio cholerae strain belonging to O50 serogroup, isolated in the territory of the Russian Federation in 1974, detected is the SXT conjugative trasposone – SXT constin. Analysis if its structure revealed that it does not contain genes of resistance to such antibiotics as streptomycin, sulfamethoxasole, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and kanamycin, being, probably, one of the predecessors of antibiotic-resistant SXT constins which spread out within the genomes of epidemic
Vibrio cholerae O139 strains in 1992.