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Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections

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No 1(107)
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https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2011-1(107)

5-12 1768
Abstract
Described is cholera epidemiological situation in the world and in the Russian Federation. One of the causes of its deterioration is pointed out to be the emergence, in the modern period, of altered Vibrio cholerae eltor variants with increased virulence, which displaced typical strains in many countries of Asia and Africa. Described are licensed oral cholera vaccines and their prophylactic efficiency. Considered is the WHO strategy in regard with oral cholera vaccines application in emergencies of different character. The prospects of new generation vaccines development are presented.

REVIEWS AND PROGNOSES

13-15 580
Abstract
Presented are the data on Crimean hemorrhagic fever epidemiological situation and morbidity in the South and North-Caucasian Federal Districts of the Russian Federation in 2010. Epizootic situation in the Stavropol region has been analyzed. The prognosis as regards CHF for the year of 2011 in the territory of the South and North-Caucasian Federal Districts is presented, based on epizootiological monitoring .
16-19 599
Abstract
In the first decade of the XXI century large-scale cholera epidemics and outbreaks were registered in African, Asian, and North American countries. Importation of infection from endemic foci to all continents took place almost every year, and the tendency of global cholera morbidity growth was observed. All that determined unfavorable prognosis on cholera at the global level. Cholera epidemic in the Caribbean Basin region, Haiti, caused by V.cholerae El Tor harboring cholera toxin ctxB gene of classical biovar is expected to predetermine either the beginning of a new period of the seventh pandemic or the onset of new pandemic.
20-23 461
Abstract
Analysis of dynamics of brucellosis incidence among humans and animals in the Russian Federation is presented. Evaluation of epizootiological and epidemiological situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation in 2006-2010 is given. Epizootiological and epidemiological situation on brucellosis was demonstrated to be unfavorable in a number of Federal Districts that allows to predict the increase of its incidence among farm animals and humans.
24-28 540
Abstract
Presented are the data on tick-borne infections (tick-borne encephalitis, tick-borne borrelioses and rickettsioses) incidence among the population of the constituent entities of Siberian and Far East Federal Districts in 2009 and 2010. Given is the prognosis on tick-borne encephalitis and tick-borne borrelioses incidence among the population of the Districts for 2011. Generalized information on the amount of preventive measures is presented and the ways of their improvement are discussed.
29-30 479
Abstract
Summarized data on the condition of tularemia natural foci in the territory of Siberia and Far East for 10 months of 2010 are presented in brief. Information on human morbidity during this period is given. The prognosis of epizootiological situation for 2011 is presented.
31-37 605
Abstract
The results of epizootiological surveillance in 11 plague natural foci in the territory of the Russian Federation in 2010 are presented in this review. The short-term prognosis of foci epizootic activity is performed based on the analysis of data on epizootic activity, the conditions of plague carrier and vector populations, and abiotic factors influence on their living conditions.
38-41 746
Abstract
Presented are the results of epidemiological analysis of the West Nile fever morbidity in the Russian Federation and all over the world in 2010. In 2010 West Nile fever outbreaks took place in Volgograd, Rostov and Voronezh Regions. For the first time West Nile fever was detected in Chelyabinsk Region, Kalmyk Republic, the Republic of Tatarstan, the Krasnodar Territory and the Voronezh Region. The IInd genotype was determined in the process of genotyping of Volgograd and Rostov virus isolates. Analysis of West Nile fever morbidity in Europe in 2010 revealed that the genotypes of West Nile virus in the territory of Russia and in a number of European countries were similar. According to the retrospective and operative data it is determined that West Nile fever is endemic in the significant part of the territory of the Russian Federation. The absence of West Nile fever prophylaxis in the most part of the territory of the Russian Federation (training of the population, medical workers, preparation of the diagnostic means, working out of the treatment tactics and etc.) can lead to the significant social and economic losses in case of massive manifestations of this infection. Forecasting and assessment of the impact of future environment changes upon West Nile fever morbidity in the territory of the Russian Federation in the conditions of general trend of climate warming require studying of all the factors of virus-vector-person mechanism from the molecular to the population level by efforts of scientific and practical institutions of the Rospotrebnadzor.
42-45 522
Abstract
Analysis of epidemiological situation on anthrax in the Russian Federation and all over the world in 2010 is carried out. Prognosis of morbidity for 2011 is presented.

MICROBIOLOGY

46-48 551
Abstract
Presented are experimental data of size distribution of amplicons obtained with the help of the primer consisting of Escherichia coli chi-sequence and DNA from different subspecies of Francisella tularensis strains. Analysis of this distribution permitted to determine five informative regions on the electrophoregrams (in the regions of 190, 280, 500-570, 830 and 950 b.p.), that made it possible to perform subspecies differentiation of tularemia microbe strains. Thus, the subspecies of F. tularensis clinical isolates can be identified by safe, fast and convenient method - the PCR analysis using only one primer Chi 1f despite the slight genetic heterogeneity of tularemia agent strains.
49-52 613
Abstract
Carried out was the retrospective genetic analysis of cholera vibrio strains which caused the outbreaks and sporadic cases of cholera in the territory of the Russian Federation from 1993 to 2006. It was elucidated that beginning from 1993 the disease had been caused by the altered strains of V. cholerae El Tor containing ctxB gene of classical type, encoding B subunit of cholera toxin, in their CTXφ prophage genome. In addition, identified were two strains whose prophage genome contained classical type rstR gene.
53-57 802
Abstract
The data of antibiotic-resistant strains of Yersinia pestis isolated from clinical sources and animals are shown in the present study. Highlighted are the reasons of their resistance to different drugs. Represented are two PCRs developed for detection of antibiotic resistance genes, their efficiency has been confirmed using collection of antibiotic-resistant strains of Y. pestis.
58-61 688
Abstract
Molecular typing of pandemic and pre-pandemic cholera vibrio strains was carried out with the help of multi-locus sequence analysis. Application of two MLST schemes based on the sequence of virulence-associated and housekeeping genes demonstrated the last one to be the most effective in differentiation of strains, isolated before and during the seventh cholera pandemic.

DIAGNOSTICS

62-65 722
Abstract
Suggested and substantiated is the integrated algorithm for diagnostics of dangerous infectious diseases that require measures on sanitary protection of territories using clinical, epidemiological and laboratory diagnostic standards. These standards are based on criteria for detection of suspected, probable and confirmed cases, with consideration for clinical manifestations, epidemiological anamnesis and laboratory analysis results. Distinguished and described are two stages for diagnosis of new infectious diseases that represent an emergency in the sphere of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.
66-69 578
Abstract
Summarized are the modern approaches to choosing the methods and techniques of pathogenic burkholderia detection, literary data, and the results of the authors own studies on the problem of development of monoclonal preparations for fast identification of Burkholderia genus representatives. Discussed are the prospects both of modernization of monoclonal preparations and test-systems for detection of glanders and melioidosis etiological agents in different objects and of the differentiation of burkholderia species, and intraspecific typing of melioidosis agent strains.

IMMUNOLOGY

70-73 569
Abstract
The technology of directed constructing of non-reverting Y. pestis lpxM mutants, lacking antibiotic resistance markers was developed. It included direct site-specific mutagenesis, cloning of mutant lpxM::cat allele in pCVD442 suicide vector, homologous recombination in vivo and deletion of the antibiotic resistance cassette. lpxM gene knockout mutant created on the basis of vaccine Y. pestis EV NIIEG strain lacking antibiotic resistance markers synthesized a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with reduced ability to stimulate TNF-α production. The level of reduction of anti-inflammatory activity of the LPS synthesized by the mutant Y. pestis EV∆ lpxM strain was significantly higher in the test with human target cells in comparison with mouse model.
74-76 542
Abstract
The effect of S-complex preparations of tularemia microbe upon apoptosis and proliferative activity of cells of central (thymus) and peripheral (spleen) organs of immune system has been studied in dynamics on the outbred white mice model. S-complex preparations were isolated from vaccine strain 15 NIIEG of holarctica subspecies, virulent strain 503 of the same subspecies, strain Acole of nearctica subspecies and strain A 179 of mediasiatica subspecies. The ratio of cells being at different stages of cell cycle was shown to vary in different periods of time after immunization with the studied preparations. That can be associated with the structure of preparations depending on the source they were obtained from. All preparations demonstrated the lack of harmful effect upon genetic apparatus of white mice' immune cells. The application of the present antigenic complex in the construction of chemical vaccines of new generation is thought to be promising.
77-80 473
Abstract
The essential index of functional activity of innate immunity cells in inflammatory reactions, induced by specific allergens, is the secretory neutrophils degranulation with the release of serine proteases from granules on the cells' surface and into the extracellular space. Using flow cytofluorimetry blood granulocytes of persons, immunized with live plague vaccine, were shown to respond to in vitro contact with allergen of plague microbe (pestin) by degranulation, in contrast to those of unvaccinated people. The degree of the innate immunity cells activation, as regards this index, depends on the time period passed after the vaccination. The received experimental data agree with modern conceptions on the leukocytic proteases` role in the development of allergic inflammation of skin. They also provide the necessary basis for further investigations, required to develop rapid instrumental test for human anti-plague immunity assessment in vitro.

BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS

81-82 737
Abstract
Approbation of the experimental series of latex agglutination and immune chromatography test-systems was carried out for identification of Bacillus anthracis spores and vegetative cells respectively. These test-systems are suitable for rapid diagnostics of anthrax and have a number of advantages over already-existing commercial tests.

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ISSN 0370-1069 (Print)
ISSN 2658-719X (Online)